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Section 1: 10-K (FOR THE FISCAL YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2008)

For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2008
Table of Contents

 

 

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

 

 

FORM 10-K

 

 

 

x ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2008

or

 

¨ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from              to             

Commission File Number: 001-33294

 

 

Fortress Investment Group LLC

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

 

 

 

Delaware   20-5837959

(State or other jurisdiction of

incorporation or organization)

 

(I.R.S. Employer

Identification No.)

1345 Avenue of the Americas, New York, NY 10105

(Address of principal executive offices) (Zip Code)

Registrant’s telephone number, including area code: (212) 798-6100

 

 

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12 (b) of the Act:

 

Title of each class:

 

Name of exchange on which registered:

Class A shares   New York Stock Exchange (NYSE)

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12 (g) of the Act: None

 

 

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act.    ¨  Yes    x  No

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act.    ¨  Yes    x  No

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.     x  Yes    ¨  No

Indicate by check mark if disclosure of delinquent filers pursuant to Item 405 of Regulation S-K is not contained herein, and will not be contained, to the best of registrant’s knowledge, in definitive proxy or information statements incorporated by reference in Part III of this Form 10-K or any amendment to this form 10-K  ¨

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, or a smaller reporting company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer, “accelerated filer” and “smaller reporting company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. (Check One):

 

Large Accelerated Filer   ¨    Accelerated Filer   x
Non-accelerated Filer   ¨  (Do not check if a smaller reporting company)    Smaller reporting company   ¨

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). (Check One):    ¨  Yes    x  No

The aggregate market value of the Class A Shares held by non-affiliates as of June 30, 2008 (computed based on the closing price on such date as reported on the NYSE) was $1.1 billion.

Indicate the number of shares outstanding of each of the registrant’s classes of common stock, as of the last practicable date.

Class A shares: 94,609,525 outstanding as of March 13, 2009.

Class B shares: 312,071,550 outstanding as of March 13, 2009.

DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE

Portions of the registrant’s definitive proxy statement for the registrant’s 2009 annual meeting, to be filed within 120 days after the close of the registrant’s fiscal year, are incorporated by reference into Part III of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

 

 

 


Table of Contents

FORTRESS INVESTMENT GROUP LLC

FORM 10-K

INDEX

 

          Page
PART I

Item 1.

   Business    1

Item 1A.

   Risk Factors    6

Item 1B.

   Unresolved Staff Comments    36

Item 2.

   Properties    36

Item 3.

   Legal Proceedings    36

Item 4.

   Submission of Matters to a Vote of Security Holders    36
PART II

Item 5.

   Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities    37

Item 6.

   Selected Financial Data    38

Item 7.

   Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations    39

Item 7A.

   Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk    70

Item 8.

   Financial Statements and Supplementary Data    73
  

Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

   74
  

Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm on Internal Control over Financial Reporting

   75
  

Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2008 and 2007

   76
  

Consolidated and Combined Statements of Operations for the years ended December 31, 2008, 2007 and 2006

   77
  

Consolidated and Combined Statements of Changes in Members’ and Shareholders’ Equity for the years ended December 31, 2008, 2007 and 2006

   78
  

Consolidated and Combined Statements of Cash Flows for the years ended December 31, 2008, 2007 and 2006

   80
  

Notes to Consolidated and Combined Financial Statements

   82

Item 9.

   Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure    133

Item 9A.

   Controls and Procedures    133
   Management’s Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting    133

Item 9B.

   Other Information    134
PART III

Item 10.

   Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance    135

Item 11.

   Executive Compensation    135

Item 12.

   Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters    135

Item 13.

   Certain Relationships and Related Party Transactions, and Director Independence    136

Item 14.

   Principal Accountant Fees and Services    136
PART IV

Item 15.

   Exhibits; Financial Statement Schedules    137
   Signatures    140


Table of Contents

As used in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, unless the context otherwise requires:

“Management Fee Paying Assets Under Management,” or “AUM,” refers to the management fee paying assets we manage, including, as applicable, capital we have the right to call from our investors pursuant to their capital commitments to various funds. Our AUM equals the sum of:

 

  (i) the capital commitments or invested capital (or NAV, if lower) of our private equity funds, depending on which measure management fees are being calculated upon at a given point in time, which in connection with funds raised after March 2006 includes the mark-to-market value of public securities held within the funds,

 

  (ii) the contributed capital of our publicly traded alternative investment vehicles, which we refer to as our “Castles,”

 

  (iii) the net asset value, or “NAV,” of our hedge funds; and

 

  (iv) the NAV of our managed accounts, to the extent management fees are charged.

For each of the above, the amounts exclude assets under management for which we charge either no or nominal fees, generally related to our principal investments in funds as well as investments in funds by our principals, directors and employees.

Our calculation of AUM may differ from the calculations of other asset managers and, as a result, this measure may not be comparable to similar measures presented by other asset managers. Our definition of AUM is not based on any definition of assets under management contained in our operating agreement or in any of our Fortress Fund management agreements.

“Fortress,” “we,” “us,” “our,” and the “company” refer, (i) following the consummation of the reorganization and the Nomura transaction on January 17, 2007, collectively, to Fortress Investment Group LLC and its subsidiaries, including the Fortress Operating Group and all of its subsidiaries, and, (ii) prior to the consummation of the reorganization and the Nomura transaction on January 17, 2007, to the Fortress Operating Group and all of its subsidiaries, in each case not including funds that, prior to March 31, 2007, were consolidated funds, except with respect to our historical financial statements and discussion thereof unless otherwise specified. Effective March 31, 2007, all of our previously consolidated funds were deconsolidated. The financial statements contained herein represent consolidated financial statements of Fortress Investment Group LLC subsequent to the reorganization and combined financial statements of Fortress Operating Group, considered the predecessor, prior to the reorganization. See Part II, Item 8, “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.”

“Fortress Funds” and “our funds” refers to the private investment funds and alternative asset companies that are managed by the Fortress Operating Group.

“Fortress Operating Group” refers to the combined entities, which were wholly-owned by the principals prior to the Nomura transaction and in each of which Fortress Investment Group LLC acquired an indirect controlling interest upon completion of the Nomura transaction.

“principals” or “Principals” refers to Peter Briger, Wesley Edens, Robert Kauffman, Randal Nardone and Michael Novogratz, collectively, who prior to the completion of our initial public offering and the Nomura transaction directly owned 100% of the Fortress Operating Group units and following completion of our initial public offering and the Nomura transaction own a majority of the Fortress Operating Group units and of the Class B shares, representing a majority of the total combined voting power of all of our outstanding Class A and Class B shares. The principals’ ownership percentage is subject to change based on, among other things, equity offerings and grants by Fortress and dispositions by the principals.


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SPECIAL NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

Some of the statements under Part I, Item 1, “Business,” Part I, Item 1A, “Risk Factors,” Part II, Item 7, “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations,” Part II, Item 7A, “Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk” and elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K may contain forward-looking statements which reflect our current views with respect to, among other things, future events and financial performance. Readers can identify these forward-looking statements by the use of forward-looking words such as “outlook,” “believes,” “expects,” “potential,” “continues,” “may,” “will,” “should,” “seeks,” “approximately,” “predicts,” “intends,” “plans,” “estimates,” “anticipates” or the negative version of those words or other comparable words. Any forward-looking statements contained in this report are based upon the historical performance of us and our subsidiaries and on our current plans, estimates and expectations. The inclusion of this forward-looking information should not be regarded as a representation by us or any other person that the future plans, estimates or expectations contemplated by us will be achieved. Such forward-looking statements are subject to various risks and uncertainties and assumptions relating to our operations, financial results, financial condition, business prospects, growth strategy and liquidity. If one or more of these or other risks or uncertainties materialize, or if our underlying assumptions prove to be incorrect, our actual results may vary materially from those indicated in these statements. Accordingly, you should not place undue reliance on any forward-looking statements. These factors should not be construed as exhaustive and should be read in conjunction with the other cautionary statements that are included in this report. We do not undertake any obligation to publicly update or review any forward-looking statement, whether as a result of new information, future developments or otherwise.

SPECIAL NOTE REGARDING EXHIBITS

In reviewing the agreements included as exhibits to this Annual Report on Form 10-K, please remember they are included to provide you with information regarding their terms and are not intended to provide any other factual or disclosure information about the Company or the other parties to the agreements. The agreements contain representations and warranties by each of the parties to the applicable agreement. These representations and warranties have been made solely for the benefit of the other parties to the applicable agreement and:

 

  should not in all instances be treated as categorical statements of fact, but rather as a way of allocating the risk to one of the parties if those statements provide to be inaccurate;

 

  have been qualified by disclosures that were made to the other party in connection with the negotiation of the applicable agreement, which disclosures are not necessarily reflected in the agreement;

 

  may apply standards of materiality in a way that is different from what may be viewed as material to you or other investors; and

 

  were made only as of the date of the applicable agreement or such other date or dates as may be specified in the agreement and are subject to more recent developments.

Accordingly, these representations and warranties may not describe the actual state of affairs as of the date they were made or at any other time. Additional information about the Company may be found elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K and the Company’s other public filings, which are available without charge through the SEC’s website at http://www.sec.gov. See “Where You Can Find More Information.”


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PART I

 

Item 1. Business.

Fortress Investment Group LLC (NYSE listed under the symbol “FIG”) is a leading global alternative asset manager with approximately $29.5 billion in AUM as of December 31, 2008. We raise, invest and manage private equity funds and hedge funds. We earn management fees based on the size of our funds, incentive income based on the performance of our funds, and investment income from our principal investments in those funds.

Fortress was founded in 1998 as an asset-based investment management firm with a fundamental philosophy premised on alignment of interests with the investors in our funds. Our managed funds primarily employ absolute return strategies; we strive to have positive returns regardless of the performance of the markets. Investment performance is our cornerstone – as an investment manager, we earn more if our investors earn more. In keeping with our fundamental philosophy, we invest capital in each of our businesses. As of December 31, 2008, Fortress’s investments in and commitments to our funds were $0.9 billion, consisting of the net asset value of Fortress’s principal investments of $0.8 billion, and unfunded commitments to private equity funds of $0.1 billion.

We currently have more than 850 employees, including approximately 272 investment professionals, at our headquarters in New York and our affiliate offices in Atlanta, Charlotte, Dallas, Frankfurt, Geneva, Hong Kong, London, Los Angeles, New Canaan, Shanghai, Sydney, Tokyo and Toronto.

We plan to strategically grow our fee paying assets under management and will seek to generate superior risk-adjusted investment returns in our funds over the long term. We are guided by the following key objectives and values:

 

  generating superior risk-adjusted investment returns;

 

  introducing innovative new investment products, while remaining focused on, and continuing to grow, our existing lines of business;

 

  maintaining our disciplined investment process and intensive asset management; and

 

  adhering to the highest standards of professionalism and integrity.

As a result of the current credit and liquidity crisis in the market, Fortress faces a number of challenges, as further described in Part I, Item 1A, “Risk Factors” and Part II, Item 7, “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations – Market Considerations.”

Our Current Businesses

We are a global investment manager specializing in alternative assets. Our current offering of alternative investment products includes private equity funds and hedge funds. We refer to these investment products, collectively, as the Fortress Funds. As of December 31, 2008, we managed alternative assets in two core businesses:

Private Equity Funds — a business that manages approximately $15.8 billion of AUM comprised of two business segments: (i) funds that primarily make significant, control-oriented investments in North America and Western Europe, with a focus on acquiring and building asset-based businesses with significant cash flows. We also manage a family of “long dated value” funds focused on investing in undervalued assets with limited current cash flows and long investment horizons; and (ii) publicly traded alternative investment vehicles, which we refer to as “Castles,” that invest primarily in real estate and real estate related debt investments.

Hedge Funds — a business that manages approximately $13.7 billion of AUM comprised of two business segments: (i) liquid hedge funds – which invest globally in fixed income, currency, equity and commodity markets and related derivatives to capitalize on imbalances in the financial markets; and (ii) hybrid hedge funds – which make highly diversified investments globally in assets, opportunistic lending situations and securities through the capital structure with a value orientation, as well as investment funds managed by external managers.

 

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Principal Sources of Revenue

Overview

Our principal sources of revenues from the Fortress Funds consist of (i) management fees, which are typically earned as a percentage of AUM, (ii) incentive income, which is typically earned as a percentage of profits, in some cases in excess of, or subject to achieving, specified thresholds, and (iii) investment income (loss), which represents the returns on our principal investments in the Fortress Funds.

The following table provides the management fees and incentive income from Fortress Funds, on a segment reporting basis, of each of our core businesses for the previous three fiscal years (in thousands):

 

     2008     2007    2006

Private Equity

       

Funds

       

Management Fees

   $ 178,191     $ 131,939    $ 84,279

Incentive Income (A)

     (94,307 )     275,254      129,800

Castles

       

Management Fees

     54,102       49,661      32,544

Incentive Income

     12       39,490      15,682

Hedge Funds

       

Liquid

       

Management Fees

     217,575       158,882      92,746

Incentive Income

     17,658       199,283      154,068

Hybrid

       

Management Fees

     147,823       129,516      84,536

Incentive Income

     13,609       97,465      135,939

 

(A)   2008 amount is net of a reserve for future clawback.

Certain of our segments are comprised of, and dependent on the performance of, a limited number of Fortress Funds. Each of these funds is material to the results of operations of its segment and the loss of any of these funds would have a material adverse impact on the segment. Moreover, the revenues we earned from certain funds individually exceeded 10% of our total revenues on an unconsolidated basis for fiscal 2008. For additional information regarding our segments, the information presented above, our total assets and our distributable earnings (as defined below), please see Part II, Item 7, “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Segment Analysis” and Part II, Item 8, “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.”

Private Equity Funds

Overview

Our private equity business is made up primarily of a series of funds named the “Fortress Investment Funds” and organized to make control-oriented investments in cash flow generating, asset-based businesses in North America and Western Europe.

Fortress Investment Funds

Investors in our private equity funds commit capital at the outset of a fund, which is then drawn down as investment opportunities become available, generally over a one to three year investment period. Proceeds are returned to investors as investments are realized, generally over eight to ten years. Management fees of 1% to 1.5% are generally charged on committed capital during the investment period of a new fund, and then on invested capital (or NAV, if lower). Management fees are generally paid to us semi-annually in advance. We also generally earn a 20% share of the profits on each realized investment in a fund —our incentive income — subject to the fund’s achieving a minimum return with respect to the fund as a whole, that is, taking into account all gains and losses on all investments in the fund. In addition, we earn investment income (or incur losses) on our principal investments in the Fortress Investment Funds.

Long Dated Value Funds

In addition to our Fortress Investment Fund family of funds, we introduced in early 2005 a pioneering private equity fund product — the Long Dated Value family of funds — which focuses on making investments with long dated cash flows that may be undervalued because of the lack of current cash flows or because the investment is encumbered by a long term lease or financing, and that provide the potential for significant capital appreciation over the long term.

 

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The Long Dated Value Funds are generally similar in structure to the Fortress Investment Fund family of funds, including in terms of fees payable to us, except that the funds have an investment life of 25 years, reflecting the funds’ investment profiles, and incentive income is distributed to us after all of a fund’s invested capital has been returned, rather than as each investment is realized.

Real Assets Funds

Fortress established the Real Assets Funds in 2007 seeking to generate superior risk adjusted returns by opportunistically investing in tangible and intangible assets with the potential to achieve significant value generally within a three-to-ten year time horizon. The investment program of these funds focuses on direct investments in four principal investment categories—real estate, capital assets, natural resources and intellectual property— but also may include indirect investments in the form of interests in real estate investment trusts (“REITs”), master limited partnerships, corporate securities, debt securities and debt obligations—including those that provide equity upside—as well as options, royalties, residuals and other call rights that provide these funds with the potential for significant capital appreciation. The investments are located primarily in North America and Western Europe, but may also include opportunities in Australia, Asia and elsewhere on an opportunistic basis.

Credit Opportunities Funds

Fortress established the Fortress Credit Opportunities Funds in 2008 to make opportunistic credit-related investments. Their investment objective is to generate significant current income and long-term capital appreciation through investments in a range of distressed and undervalued credit investments, including but not limited to residential loans and securities, commercial mortgage loans and securities, opportunistic corporate loans and securities, and other consumer or commercial assets and asset-backed securities.

Castles

We manage two publicly traded companies: Newcastle Investment Corp. (NYSE: NCT) and Eurocastle Investment Limited (Euronext Amsterdam: ECT), which we call our “Castles.” The Castles were raised with broad investment mandates to make investments in a wide variety of real estate related assets, including securities, loans and real estate properties. The companies have no employees; we provide each company with a management team pursuant to management agreements entered into with each company. Pursuant to our management agreements, we earn management fees from each Castle equal to 1.5% of the company’s equity (as defined in such agreements). In addition, we earn incentive income equal to 25% of the company’s funds from operations (or “FFO,” which is the real estate industry’s supplemental measure of operating performance) in excess of specified returns to the company’s shareholders. In addition to these fees, we also receive from the Castles, for services provided, options to purchase shares of their common stock in connection with each of their common stock offerings. These options are vested immediately, become exercisable over thirty months, and have an exercise price equal to the applicable offering price.

Hedge Funds

Overview

Our hedge fund business focuses on absolute returns and is comprised of two business segments: liquid hedge funds and hybrid hedge funds.

Liquid Hedge Funds

The liquid hedge funds, which invest daily in markets around the globe, seek to exploit opportunities in global currency, interest rate, equity and commodity markets and their related derivatives. Risk management is the cornerstone of the investment process, and the funds invest with a focus on preservation of capital. Investment opportunities are evaluated and rated on a thematic and an individual basis to determine appropriate risk-reward and capital allocations.

Drawbridge Global Macro Funds

The Drawbridge Global Macro Funds apply an investment process based on macroeconomic fundamental, market momentum and technical analyses to identify strategies offering a favorable risk-return profile. The funds’ investment strategies are premised on the belief that imbalances in various financial markets are created from time to time by the influence of economic, political and capital flow factors. Directional and relative value strategies are applied to exploit these conditions. The funds have the flexibility to allocate capital dynamically across a wide range of global strategies, markets and instruments as opportunities change, and are designed to take advantage of a wide variety of sources of market, economic and pricing data to generate trading ideas.

The funds invest primarily in major developed markets; however, they also invest in emerging markets if market conditions present opportunities for attractive returns. While the funds pursue primarily global macro directional and relative value strategies, capital is allocated within the funds to particular strategies to provide incremental returns and diversity.

 

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Management fees are charged based on the AUM of the Drawbridge Global Macro Funds at a rate equal to 2% or 3% annually, payable quarterly in advance, depending on the investment and liquidity terms elected by investors. We earn incentive income of either 20% or 25% of the fund’s profits, payable quarterly, depending on the investment and liquidity terms elected by investors, and subject to achieving cumulative positive returns since the prior incentive income payment. Investors in the Drawbridge Global Macro Funds may invest with the right to redeem without paying any redemption fee either quarterly, or annually after three years. However, unless a redemption fee is paid to the funds, full redemption by investors with quarterly liquidity takes a year, as the amount redeemed each quarter is limited to 25% of the investor’s holding in the funds. Similarly, some investors with three-year liquidity may redeem annually before three years, subject to an early redemption fee payable to the funds.

The Drawbridge Global Macros Funds suspended redemptions to ensure an equitable division of both liquid and illiquid investments between redeemers and non-redeemers. Illiquid investments were placed in special purpose entities whose interests were distributed to both redeemers and non-redeemers. Investments held in this entity are subject to management fees of 1.5%.

Commodities Fund

This fund’s principal investment objective is to seek a superior total return on its assets by executing a directional investment strategy in the global commodity and equity markets. This fund was established in 2008 and seeks to identify optimal risk-adjusted strategies by assessing opportunities along various points of the relevant commodity and equity supply chains. This fund expects to invest across multiple sectors within the commodity asset class ranging from energy to metals to agriculture and within the cyclical, industrial, and commodity equity universe.

Hybrid Hedge Funds

Our hybrid hedge funds are designed to exploit pricing anomalies that exist between the public and private finance markets. These investment opportunities are often found outside the traditional broker-dealer mediated channels in which investments that are efficiently priced and intermediated by large financial institutions are typically presented to the private investment fund community. We have developed a proprietary network comprised of internal and external resources to exclusively source transactions for the funds.

The funds are able to invest in a wide array of financial instruments, ranging from assets, opportunistic lending situations and securities throughout the capital structure with a value orientation. All of these investments are based on fundamental bottom up analysis and are typically event driven. The funds’ diverse and idiosyncratic investments require significant infrastructure and asset management experience to fully realize value. We have developed a substantial asset management infrastructure with expertise in managing the funds’ investments in order to be able to maximize the net present value of investments on a monthly basis. Our endowment strategy funds are designed to blend this direct bottom up investing style with third party managers to create excellent risk adjusted returns with an emphasis on capital preservation.

Drawbridge Special Opportunities Funds

The Drawbridge Special Opportunities Funds form the core of our hybrid hedge fund investing strategy. The funds opportunistically acquire a diversified portfolio of investments primarily throughout the United States, Western Europe and the Pacific region. The funds’ investment program incorporates three complementary investment strategies, focusing on asset-based transactions, loans and corporate securities. The majority of the funds’ investments are relatively illiquid, and the funds generally make investments that are expected to liquidate or be realized within a five year period.

Management fees are charged based on the AUM of the Drawbridge Special Opportunities Funds at a rate equal to 2% annually, payable quarterly in advance. We generally earn incentive income of 20% of the fund’s profits, payable annually, and subject to achieving cumulative positive returns since the prior incentive income payment. Investors in the Drawbridge Special Opportunities Funds may redeem annually on December 31. Because of the illiquid nature of the funds’ investments, rather than receiving redemption proceeds immediately, redeeming investors may have to receive their redemption proceeds as and when the particular investments held by the fund at the time of redemption are realized.

Fortress Partners Funds

The Fortress Partners Funds were launched in July 2006. The funds invest with a broad mandate, similar to endowment portfolios of large universities. Investments are made both in Fortress Funds and in funds managed by other managers, and in direct investments that are sourced either by Fortress personnel or by third party fund managers with whom we have relationships.

 

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Competition

The investment management industry is intensely competitive, and we expect the competition to intensify in the future. We face competition in the pursuit of outside investors for our investment funds, acquiring investments in attractive portfolio companies and making other investments. Depending on the investment, we expect to face competition primarily from other investment management firms, private equity funds, hedge funds, other financial institutions, corporate buyers and other parties. Many of our competitors are substantially larger and may have greater financial and technical resources than we possess. Some of these competitors may have higher risk tolerances, make different risk assessments or have lower return thresholds, which could allow them to consider a wider variety of investments or bid more aggressively than we bid for investments that we want to make. Corporate buyers may be able to achieve synergistic cost savings with regard to an investment that may provide them with a competitive advantage relative to us when bidding for an investment. Moreover, an increase in the allocation of capital to alternative investment strategies by institutional and individual investors could lead to a reduction in the size and duration of pricing inefficiencies that many of our investment funds seek to exploit. Alternatively, a decrease in the allocation of capital to alternative investments strategies could intensify competition for that capital and lead to fee reductions and redemptions, as well as difficulty in raising new capital, as we are currently experiencing. Lastly, the market for qualified investment professionals is intensely competitive. Our ability to continue to compete effectively will depend upon our ability to attract, retain and motivate our employees.

Where Readers Can Find Additional Information

Fortress files annual, quarterly and current reports, proxy statements and other information required by the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”), with the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”). Readers may read and copy any document that Fortress files at the SEC’s Public Reference Room located at 100 F Street, N.E., Washington, D.C. 20549, U.S.A. Please call the SEC at 1-800-SEC-0330 for further information on the Public Reference Room. Our SEC filings are also available to the public from the SEC’s internet site at http://www.sec.gov. Copies of these reports, proxy statements and other information can also be inspected at the offices of the New York Stock Exchange, Inc., 20 Broad Street, New York, New York 10005, U.S.A.

Our internet site is http://www.fortress.com. We will make available free of charge through our internet site our annual reports on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K, proxy statements and Forms 3, 4 and 5 filed on behalf of directors and executive officers and any amendments to those reports filed or furnished pursuant to the Exchange Act as soon as reasonably practicable after we electronically file such material with, or furnish it to, the SEC. Also posted on our website in the “Investor Relations—Governance Documents” section are charters for the company’s Audit Committee, Compensation Committee and Nominating, Corporate Governance and Conflicts Committee as well as our Corporate Governance Guidelines and our Code of Business Conduct and Ethics governing our directors, officers and employees. Information on, or accessible through, our website is not a part of, and is not incorporated into, this report.

 

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Item 1A. Risk Factors

We face a variety of significant and diverse risks, many of which are inherent in our business. Described below are certain risks that we currently believe could materially affect us. Other risks and uncertainties that we do not presently consider to be material or of which we are not presently aware may become important factors that affect us in the future. The occurrence of any of the risks discussed below could materially and adversely affect our business, prospects, financial condition, results of operations or cash flow.

Risks Related to the Financial Services Industry and Financial Markets

We do not know what impact the U.S. government’s various plans to attempt to stabilize the economy will have on the financial markets or our business.

In response to the financial crises affecting the banking system and financial markets and going concern threats to investment banks and other financial institutions, the U.S. government enacted the Emergency Economic Stabilization Act of 2008, or EESA, on October 3, 2008. Pursuant to the EESA, the U.S. Treasury has the authority to, among other things, purchase up to $700 billion of mortgage-backed and other securities from financial institutions for the purpose of stabilizing the financial markets. In addition, the U.S. government also recently made preferred equity investments in a number of the largest financial institutions, including Citigroup, Bank of America and AIG. In addition, on March 3, 2009, the U.S. Department of the Treasury and the Federal Reserve announced the launch of the Term Asset-Backed Securities Loan Facility, or TALF, which provides up to $200 billion (which may be increased to up to $1 trillion) of financing to certain U.S. entities to purchase qualifying AAA-rated asset-backed securities. Such financing is subject to various conditions, has a term of three years and accrues interest at specified rates. It is not clear what impact the various plans to attempt to stabilize the economy will have on the financial markets, including the illiquidity in the global credit markets and the extreme levels of volatility in the global equity markets.

Moreover, while the details of these initiatives are subject to change, it is unclear whether we and/or our funds will be eligible to participate directly in these programs and, therefore, these initiatives may not directly benefit us. If any of our competitors are able to benefit from these programs, they may gain a significant competitive advantage over us. In addition, the government may decide to implement these programs in unanticipated ways that have a more direct impact on our funds or our businesses. For example, the government may decide that it will not purchase certain types of loans or securities which may make the price of those securities decline. If we own such securities in our funds, such price impacts may have an adverse impact on the liquidity and/or performance of our affected funds.

Risks Related To Our Business

The terms of our credit agreement may restrict our current and future operations, particularly our ability to respond to certain changes or to take future actions.

Our credit agreement contains a number of restrictive covenants and requires significant amortization payments over the next several years, which collectively impose significant operating and financial restrictions on us, including restrictions that may limit our ability to engage in acts that may be in our long-term best interests. Although we recently amended our credit agreement to, among other things, make the financial covenants less restrictive, the terms of our credit agreement still impose significant operating and financial restrictions on us. Our credit agreement includes financial covenants that we:

 

   

not exceed a total leverage ratio;

 

   

maintain a minimum AUM; and

 

   

maintain a minimum amount of investment assets (and maintain specific amounts of certain types of investments).

The leverage ratio covenant is tested as of the end of each fiscal quarter while the AUM and investment asset covenants are applicable at all times. We have amended these and other covenants several times in the last year in order to provide sufficient flexibility to ensure compliance with the terms of our credit agreement. Our ability to comply with these and other covenants is dependent upon a number of factors, some of which are beyond our control but could nonetheless result in noncompliance. For example, our leverage ratio fluctuates depending upon the amount of cash flow that we generate, and the value of our AUM and investment assets fluctuates due to a variety of factors, including mark-to-market valuations of certain assets and other market factors. The ongoing global economic recession has negatively impacted the cash flow that we have generated and expect to generate in the future as well as the current and expected value of our investment assets and current and expected AUM. These negative conditions, in turn, negatively affect our ability to comply with these covenants. Our credit agreement also contains other covenants that restrict our operations as well as a number of events that, if they occurred, would constitute an event of default under the agreement.

In addition, our credit agreement requires that we repay a significant amount of the loans currently outstanding at set dates over the next several years. We are required to make the following amortization payments during the following time periods: $50 million in July 2009, $25 million in October 2009, an additional $100 million during 2010, an

 

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additional $75 million by January 2011, and the remaining balance at the maturity of the facilities in May 2012. Making these payments will require a significant amount of our available cash flow that could otherwise be applied to other purposes such as making investments.

A failure by us to comply with the covenants or amortization requirements – or upon the occurrence of other defaults or events of default – specified in our credit agreement could result in an event of default under the agreement, which would give the lenders under the agreement the right to terminate their commitments to provide additional loans under our revolving credit facility, to declare all borrowings outstanding, together with accrued and unpaid interest and fees, to be immediately due and payable. In addition, the lenders would have the right to proceed against the collateral we granted to them, which consists of substantially all our assets. If the debt under our credit agreement were to be accelerated, we may not have sufficient cash on hand or be able to sell sufficient collateral to repay this debt, which would have an immediate material adverse affect on our business, results of operations and financial condition. For more detail regarding our credit agreement, its terms and the current status of our compliance with the agreement, please see Part II, Item 7, “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations – Liquidity and Capital Resources” and “–Debt Obligations,” and “–Covenants.”

We depend on Messrs. Briger, Edens, Kauffman, Nardone and Novogratz, and the loss of any of their services would have a material adverse effect on us.

The success of our business depends on the efforts, judgment and personal reputations of our principals, Peter Briger, Wesley Edens, Robert Kauffman, Randal Nardone and Michael Novogratz. Our principals’ reputations, expertise in investing, relationships with our investors and relationships with members of the business community on whom our funds depend for investment opportunities and financing, are each critical elements in operating and expanding our businesses. We believe our performance is strongly correlated to the performance of these individuals. Accordingly, the retention of our principals is crucial to our success. In addition, if any of our principals were to join or form a competitor, some of our investors could choose to invest with that competitor rather than in our funds. The loss of the services of any of our principals would have a material adverse effect on us, including our ability to retain and attract investors and raise new funds, and the performance of our funds. Two or more of our principals occasionally fly together, which concentrates the potential impact of an accident on our company. We do not carry any “key man” insurance that would provide us with proceeds in the event of the death or disability of any of our principals.

Each of our principals has entered into an employment agreement with us. The initial term of these agreements is five years from the date of our initial public offering in February 2007, with automatic one-year renewals until a non-renewal notice is given by us or the principal. If a principal terminates his employment voluntarily or we terminate his employment for cause (as defined in the agreement), the principal will be subject to eighteen-month post-employment covenants requiring him not to compete with us. However, if we terminate a principal’s employment without cause, the principal will not be subject to the non-competition provisions.

The principals have also entered into an agreement among themselves, which provides that, in the event a principal voluntarily terminates his employment with us for any reason prior to the fifth anniversary of the consummation of our initial public offering, the principal may be required to forfeit a portion of his Fortress Operating Group units (and the corresponding Class B shares) to the other principals who continue to be employed by the Fortress Operating Group. However, this agreement may be amended by the principals who are then employed by the Fortress Operating Group. We, our shareholders and the Fortress Operating Group have no ability to enforce any provision of this agreement or to prevent the principals from amending the agreement or waiving any of its obligations.

There is no guarantee that our principals will not resign, join our competitors or form a competing company, or that the non-competition provisions in the employment agreements would be upheld by a court. If any of these events were to occur, our business, prospects, financial condition and results of operation would be materially adversely affected.

Several of our funds have “key man” provisions pursuant to which the failure of one or more of our principals to be actively involved in the business provides investors with the right to redeem from the funds or otherwise limits our rights to manage the funds. The loss of the services of any one of Messrs. Briger, Edens or Novogratz, or both of Mr. Kauffman and Mr. Nardone, would have a material adverse effect on certain of our funds and on us.

Investors in most of our hedge funds may generally redeem their investment without paying redemption fees if the relevant principal ceases to perform his functions with respect to the fund for 90 consecutive days. In addition, the terms of certain of our hedge funds’ financing arrangements contain “key man” provisions, which may result, under certain circumstances, in the acceleration of such funds’ debt or the inability to continue funding certain investments if the relevant principal ceases to perform his functions with respect to the fund and a replacement has not been approved.

 

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The loss or inability of Mr. Novogratz to perform his services for 90 days could result in substantial withdrawal requests from investors in our Drawbridge Global Macro funds and, in the event that a replacement is not approved, the termination of a substantial portion of the funds’ financing arrangements. Such withdrawals and terminations would have a material adverse effect on the Drawbridge Global Macro funds by reducing our management fees from those funds. Further, such withdrawals and terminations could lead possibly to the liquidation of the funds and a corresponding elimination of our management fees and potential to earn incentive income from those funds. The loss of Mr. Novogratz could, therefore, ultimately result in a loss of a material portion of our earnings attributable to our liquid hedge fund business segment.

The loss or inability of Mr. Briger to perform his services for 90 days could result in substantial withdrawal requests from investors in our Drawbridge Special Opportunities funds and, in the event that a replacement for him is not approved, the termination of a substantial portion of the funds’ financing arrangements. Such withdrawals and terminations would have a material adverse effect on the Drawbridge Special Opportunities funds by reducing our management fees from those funds. Further, such withdrawals and terminations could lead possibly to the eventual liquidation of the funds and a corresponding elimination of our management fees and potential to earn incentive income from those funds. The loss or inability of Mr. Briger to perform his services or devote an appropriate portion of his business time to the long dated value funds for 90 days would (unless approved by a majority of fund investors) prevent some of the Drawbridge long dated value funds from making additional investments. This could have a material adverse effect on such long dated value funds, resulting in us receiving reduced management fees. The loss of Mr. Briger could, therefore, ultimately result in a loss of a material portion of our earnings attributable to our hybrid hedge fund business segment.

If either Mr. Edens or both of Mr. Kauffman and Mr. Nardone cease to devote certain minimum portions of their business time to the affairs of certain of our private equity funds, the funds will not be permitted to make further investments, and then-existing investments may be liquidated if investors vote to do so. Our ability to earn management fees and realize incentive income from our private equity funds therefore would be adversely affected if we cannot make further investments or if we are required to liquidate fund investments at a time when market conditions result in our obtaining less for investments than could be obtained at later times. In addition, we may be unable to raise additional private equity funds if existing private equity fund key-man provisions are triggered. The loss of either Mr. Edens or both of Mr. Kauffman and Mr. Nardone could, therefore, ultimately result in a loss of substantially all of our earnings attributable to our private equity funds.

Any such events would potentially have a direct material adverse effect on our revenues and earnings, and would likely harm our ability to maintain or grow management fee paying assets under management in existing funds or raise additional funds in the future.

Our ability to retain our managing directors is critical to our success and our ability to grow depends on our ability to attract additional key personnel.

Our success depends on our ability to retain our managing directors and the other members of our investment management team and recruit additional qualified personnel. We collectively refer to these key employees (other than our principals) as our investment professionals. Our investment professionals possess substantial experience and expertise in investing, are responsible for locating and executing our funds’ investments, have significant relationships with the institutions which are the source of many of our funds’ investment opportunities, and in certain cases have strong relationships with our investors. Therefore, if our investment professionals join competitors or form competing companies it could result in the loss of significant investment opportunities and certain existing investors. As a result, the loss of even a small number of our investment professionals could jeopardize the performance of our funds, which could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations as well as our ability to retain and attract investors and raise new funds. Also, while we have non-competition and non-solicitation agreements with certain investment professionals, there is no guarantee that the agreements to which our investment professionals are subject, together with our other arrangements with them, will prevent them from leaving us, joining our competitors or otherwise competing with us or that these agreements will be enforceable in all cases. In addition, these agreements will expire after a certain period of time, at which point each of our investment professionals would be free to compete against us and solicit investors in our funds, clients and employees.

Efforts to retain or attract investment professionals may result in significant additional expenses, which could adversely affect our profitability, and changes in law could hamper our recruitment and retention efforts. For example, we might not be able, or may elect not, to provide future investment professionals with equity interests in our business to the same extent or with the same tax consequences as our existing investment professionals. Therefore, in order to recruit and retain existing and future investment professionals, we may need to increase the level of cash compensation that we pay to them. Accordingly, as we promote or hire new investment professionals over time, we may increase the level of cash compensation we pay to our investment professionals, which would cause our total employee compensation and benefits expense as a percentage of our total revenue to increase and adversely affect our profitability. In addition, we may deem it necessary to maintain compensation levels to retain employees even during periods when we generate less revenues than in previous periods, which would reduce our profit margins. Also, if

 

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proposed legislation were to be enacted by the U.S. Congress to treat carried interest as ordinary income rather than as capital gain for U.S. federal income tax purposes, such legislation would materially increase the amount of taxes that we and our investment professionals that are compensated in part with carried interest would be required to pay, thereby adversely affecting our ability to recruit, retain and motivate our current and future professionals. See “—Our structure involves complex provisions of U.S. federal income tax law for which no clear precedent or authority may be available. Our structure also is subject to potential legislative, judicial or administrative change and differing interpretations, possibly on a retroactive basis.” Lastly, issuance of certain equity interests in our business to current or future investment professionals would dilute Class A shareholders.

Certain of our funds face particular retention issues with respect to investment professionals whose compensation is tied, often in large part, to performance thresholds, or “high water marks.” For example, several investment professionals receive performance-based compensation at the end of each year based upon their annual investment performance, and this performance-based compensation represents substantially all of the compensation the professional is entitled to receive during the year. If the investment professional’s annual performance is negative, the professional will not be entitled to receive any performance-based compensation for the year. Alternatively, certain other investment professionals are compensated in part based upon the performance fees earned by the fund during each quarter. The fund’s positive quarterly investment performance represents a high water mark, and neither the fund nor the investment professional is entitled to receive future performance-based compensation until the fund’s cumulative performance at the end of a subsequent quarter is greater than the previously set mark. In either compensation scenario, if the investment professional or fund, as the case may be, does not produce investment results sufficient to merit performance-based compensation, any affected investment professional may be incentivized to join a competitor because doing so would allow the professional to eliminate the burden of having to satisfy the high water mark before earning performance-based compensation. Similarly, many of our investment professionals in our private equity business are compensated with grants of carried interest in our funds. During periods of economic volatility such as what we are currently experiencing, realization events in our private equity business may be delayed, and it may therefore take significantly longer for investments to result in payments to such professionals. In addition, in the event that overall returns for any of our private equity funds result in the generation of less incentive income than might have otherwise been anticipated, such professionals’ grants of carried interest in such fund will have similarly decreased value. To retain such professionals, the fund’s manager may elect to compensate the professional using a portion of the management fees earned by the manager, which would, in turn, reduce the amount of cash available to the public company, thereby reducing the amount available for distribution to our Class A shareholders or other liquidity needs. This retention risk is heightened during periods similar to those we are currently experiencing where market conditions make it more difficult to generate positive investment returns.

We have experienced rapid growth, which may be difficult to sustain and which may place significant demands on our administrative, operational and financial resources.

Our management fee paying assets under management have increased from approximately $11.3 billion as of December 31, 2005 to $29.5 billion as of December 31, 2008. Our rapid growth has created significant demands on our legal, accounting and operational infrastructure, and increased expenses. The complexity of these demands, and the expense required to address them, is a function not simply of the amount by which our fee paying assets under management have grown, but of significant differences in the investing strategies of our different funds. In addition, we are required to continuously develop our systems and infrastructure in response to the increasing sophistication of the investment management market and legal, accounting and regulatory developments. Moreover, the strains upon our resources caused by our growth are compounded by the additional demands imposed upon us now as a public company with shares listed on the New York Stock Exchange and, thus, subject to an extensive body of regulations that did not apply to us prior to our initial public offering.

Our future growth will depend, among other things, on our ability to maintain an operating platform and management system sufficient to address our growth and will require us to incur significant additional expenses and to commit additional senior management and operational resources. As a result, we face significant challenges:

 

   

in maintaining adequate accounting, financial, compliance, trading and other business controls,

 

   

implementing new or updated information, financial and disclosure systems and procedures, and

 

   

in recruiting, training, managing and appropriately sizing our work force and other components of our business on a timely and cost-effective basis.

There can be no assurance that we will be able to manage our expanding operations effectively or that we will be able to continue to grow, and any failure to do so could adversely affect our ability to generate revenue and control our expenses.

Operational risks may disrupt our businesses, result in losses or limit our growth.

We face operational risk from errors made in the negotiation, execution, confirmation or settlement of transactions. We also face operational risk from transactions not being properly recorded, evaluated or accounted for in our funds.

 

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In particular, our liquid and hybrid hedge fund businesses are highly dependent on our ability to process and evaluate, on a daily basis, transactions across markets and geographies in a time-sensitive, efficient and accurate manner. Consequently, we rely heavily on our financial, accounting and other data processing systems. In addition, new investment products we introduce create (and recently introduced products created) a significant risk that our existing systems may not be adequate to identify or control the relevant risks in the investment strategies employed by such new investment products. If any of these systems do not operate properly, are inadequately designed or are disabled, we could suffer financial loss, a disruption of our businesses, liability to our funds, regulatory intervention and reputational damage.

In addition, we operate in an industry that is highly dependent on its information systems and technology. We believe that we have designed, purchased and installed high-quality information systems to support our business. There can be no assurance, however, that our information systems and technology will continue to be able to accommodate our operations, or that the cost of maintaining such systems will not increase from its current level. Such a failure to accommodate our operations, or a material increase in costs related to such information systems, could have a material adverse effect on us.

Furthermore, we depend on our headquarters, which is located in New York City, for the operation of our business. A disaster or a disruption in the infrastructure that supports our businesses, including a disruption involving electronic communications or other services used by us or third parties with whom we conduct business, or directly affecting our headquarters, may have an adverse impact on our ability to continue to operate our business without interruption, which could have a material adverse effect on us. Although we have disaster recovery programs in place, there can be no assurance that these will be sufficient to mitigate the harm that may result from such a disaster or disruption. In addition, insurance and other safeguards might only partially reimburse us for our losses.

Finally, we rely on third party service providers for certain aspects of our business, including certain financial operations of our hedge funds. In particular, we rely heavily on the services of third party administrators in our hedge fund businesses and on the general ledger software provider for a number of our funds. Any interruption or deterioration in the performance of these third parties could impair the quality of the funds’ operations and could impact our reputation and adversely affect our business and limit our ability to grow.

The historical and unaudited pro forma financial information through March 31, 2007 included in this report is not indicative of our future performance.

The historical combined financial information through March 31, 2007, included in this report is not indicative of our future financial results. Such historical combined financial information consolidated a large number of our significant funds, which were not consolidated after that date as a result of the consummation of the deconsolidation of such funds on March 31, 2007. In addition, such historical combined financial information included in this report does not reflect the added costs that we now incur as a public company or the impact of changes in our structure that we implemented immediately after the consummation of our initial public offering in February 2007, for periods prior to that date. Moreover, because we operated through limited liability companies prior to our initial public offering, we paid little or no taxes on profits. However, since the time of our initial public offering we have been subject to certain taxation on our profits as a result of the changes we made to our structure in connection with our initial public offering.

The results of future periods are likely to be materially different from pre-March 2007 periods as a result of:

 

   

the impact of transactions occurring in connection with our initial public offering in relation to the size of the company during earlier periods;

 

   

fund performance in the future which differs from the historical performance reflected in our financial information for earlier periods; and

 

   

the pace of growth of our business in the future, including the formation of new funds, which differs from the historical growth reflected in our financial information for earlier periods.

Accordingly, our historical combined financial information from pre-March 2007 periods is not intended to be, and should not be regarded as, indicative of our future performance.

In addition, we have provided in this report pro forma financial information regarding the impact of the deconsolidation of a number of Fortress Funds, which took place on March 31, 2007, on our historical combined financial information for the period ended December 31, 2007. The pro forma adjustments, which are based on available information and certain assumptions that we believe are reasonable, have been applied to this historical combined financial information. The pro forma financial information is provided for informational purposes only and does not purport to represent or be indicative of the results that actually would have been obtained had the deconsolidation occurred on January 1, 2007, or that may be obtained for any future period. See Note 13 to Part I, Item 1, “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data— Pro Forma Financial Information (Unaudited).”

 

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We derive a substantial portion of our revenues from funds managed pursuant to management agreements that may be terminated or fund partnership agreements that permit investors to request liquidation of investments in our funds on short notice. The termination of certain management agreements or commencement of the dissolution of certain funds would constitute an event of default under our credit agreement.

The terms of our funds generally give either the general partner of the fund or the fund’s board of directors the right to terminate our investment management agreement with the fund. However, insofar as we control the general partner of our funds which are limited partnerships, the risk of termination of investment management agreement for such funds is limited, subject to our fiduciary or contractual duties as general partner. This risk is more significant for our offshore hedge funds where we do not serve as the general partner, which represent a significant portion of our hedge fund AUM.

With respect to our private equity funds formed as registered investment companies, each fund’s investment management agreement must be approved annually by the independent members of such fund’s board of directors and, in certain cases, by its members, as required by law. Termination of these agreements would reduce the fees we earn from the relevant funds, which could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations.

In addition, following the deconsolidation of the Fortress Funds from the Company’s balance sheet, investors in any private equity fund and certain hedge funds have the ability to act, without cause, to accelerate the date on which the fund must be wound down. We will cease earning management fees on the assets of any such fund that is wound down. In addition, the winding down of a material fund or group of funds within a short period of time could trigger an event of default under certain debt covenants in our credit facility. Our ability to realize incentive income from such funds therefore would be adversely affected if we are required to liquidate fund investments at a time when market conditions result in our obtaining less for investments than could be obtained at later times.

In addition, management agreements of our funds that are registered investment companies under the Investment Company Act of 1940 would terminate if we were to experience a change of control without obtaining investor consent. Such a change of control could be deemed to occur in the event our principals exchange enough of their interests in the Fortress Operating Group into our Class A shares such that our principals no longer own a controlling interest in us. We cannot be certain that consents required for the assignment of our investment management agreements will be obtained if such a deemed change of control occurs. In addition, the board of directors of certain hedge funds have the right under certain circumstances to terminate the investment management agreements with the applicable fund. Termination of these agreements would affect the fees we earn from the relevant funds, which could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations.

Under the terms of our credit agreement, if, subject to certain exceptions, we cease to serve as the investment manager of any fund that generates management and incentive fees during the previous twelve months – or which we expect to generate such fees within the next twelve months – in an aggregate amount of at least $25 million, such termination would constitute an event of default under our credit agreement. In addition, if any such fund commenced a process to dissolve, liquidate or otherwise wind-up the fund, such commencement would also constitute an event of default under our credit agreement. If either event of default occurred, it would give our lenders the right to terminate their commitments to lend us funds under our revolving credit facility and to require us to repay all outstanding term loans immediately (in addition to other remedies available under the credit agreement). If our lenders exercised their rights upon the occurrence of an event of default, doing so would likely have an immediate material adverse affect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.

We are subject to third-party litigation risk that could result in significant liabilities and reputational harm, which could materially adversely affect our results of operations, financial condition and liquidity.

In general, we will be exposed to risk of litigation by our fund investors if our management of any fund is alleged to constitute gross negligence or willful misconduct. Investors could sue us to recover amounts lost by our funds due to our alleged misconduct, up to the entire amount of loss. Further, we may be subject to litigation arising from investor dissatisfaction with the performance of our funds or from allegations that we improperly exercised control or influence over companies in which our funds have large investments. By way of example, we, our funds and certain of our employees, are each exposed to the risks of litigation relating to investment activities in our funds and actions taken by the officers and directors (some of whom may be Fortress employees) of portfolio companies, such as risks relating to a portfolio company’s mortgage servicing activities and the risk of shareholder litigation by other shareholders of public companies in which our funds have large investments. The stock prices of several of our publicly traded portfolio companies and Castles have decreased significantly over the past several months (resulting in the delisting of one of our portfolio companies from the NYSE), which decreases may lead to securities class action claims or other suits against us. In addition, we are exposed to risks of litigation or investigation relating to transactions that presented conflicts of interest that were not properly addressed. In such actions we would be obligated to bear legal, settlement and other costs (which may be in excess of available insurance coverage). In addition, although we are indemnified by the funds we manage, our rights to indemnification may be challenged. If we are required to incur all or a portion of the costs arising out of litigation or investigations as a result of inadequate insurance proceeds or failure to obtain indemnification from our funds, our results of operations, financial condition and liquidity could be materially

 

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adversely affected. As a general matter, the litigation environment in the investment management business tends to become worse in times of extreme market volatility such as what we are currently experiencing. We have experienced negative performance over the past several months in several of our investment funds, which increases the likelihood that we will be sued by one or more of our investors.

In our liquid hedge funds, we are exposed to the risk of litigation if the funds suffer catastrophic losses due to the failure of a particular investment strategy or due to the trading activity of an employee who has violated market rules and regulations. Any litigation arising in such circumstances is likely to be protracted, expensive and surrounded by circumstances which are materially damaging to our reputation and our business. In addition, we face the risk of litigation from investors in our private equity funds and hybrid hedge funds if we violate restrictions in such funds’ organizational documents (for example, by failing to seek approval for related party transactions requiring approval or by exceeding the mandate of such funds).

Our liquid hedge funds, our offshore hybrid hedge fund and many of our private equity funds are incorporated or formed under the laws of the Cayman Islands. Cayman Islands laws, particularly with respect to shareholders rights, partner rights and bankruptcy, may differ from the laws of the United States. Cayman Islands laws could change, possibly to the detriment of our funds and investment management subsidiaries. In December 2008, our flagship liquid hedge funds, the Drawbridge Global Macro Funds, temporarily suspended redemptions from the funds due to the heavy volume of redemption requests received during the fourth quarter of 2008. The suspensions were based on the need to renegotiate the terms of various financing arrangements to which the funds were party. In addition, at the time of the announcement of the redemption suspension, the Drawbridge Global Macro Funds announced their intention to engage in a significant restructuring of their business, including the planned bifurcation of the funds’ investment portfolios into separately-managed “liquid” and “illiquid” pools, the distribution of interests in the illiquid pools to all fund investors, revisions to certain of the fees charged to the funds’ investors and a plan to allow investors to exchange their fund interests into a newly-formed fund anticipated to be formed during the second fiscal quarter of 2009. Since the time of such announcements, the Drawbridge Global Macro Funds have successfully renegotiated the terms of their financing arrangements and have lifted the suspension of redemptions and paid out the liquid portion of the redeemed investments (in the amount of $2.1 billion), and have also proceeded with the announced restructuring plans. As of the date of this filing no litigation or material disputes have been filed or have arisen in connection with these various transactions, but there can be no assurances that investors may not file such litigation at a later date based on claims stemming from the transactions.

Also, as a public company, we are subject to the risk of investigation or litigation by regulators or our public shareholders arising from an array of possible claims, including investor dissatisfaction with the performance of our businesses or our share price, allegations of misconduct by our officers and directors or claims that we have inappropriately dealt with conflicts of interest or investment allocations. It is also likely that the public company would be brought into any lawsuit that is filed involving any of the fund-related litigation risks described above. As with the funds, while the public company maintains insurance, there can be no assurance that its insurance will prove to be adequate. If the public company is required to incur all or a portion of the costs arising out of litigation or investigations, our results of operations could be materially adversely affected. Furthermore, any such litigation or investigation could be protracted, expensive and highly damaging to the public company’s reputation, even if the underlying claims are without merit. In addition, we may participate in transactions that involve litigation (including the enforcement of property rights) from time to time, and such transactions may expose us to reputational risk and increased risk from countersuits.

In addition, with a workforce consisting of many very highly paid investment professionals, we face the risk of lawsuits relating to claims for compensation, which may individually or in the aggregate be significant in amount. Such claims are likelier to occur in the current environment where individual employees may experience significant volatility in their year-to-year compensation due to trading performance or other issues and in situations where previously highly compensated employees were terminated for performance or efficiency reasons. The cost of settling such claims could adversely affect our results of operations.

Our reputation, business and operations could be adversely affected by regulatory compliance failures, the potential adverse effect of changes in laws and regulations applicable to our business and effects of negative publicity surrounding the alternative asset management industry in general.

Potential regulatory action poses a significant risk to our reputation and thereby to our business. Our business is subject to extensive regulation in the United States and in the other countries in which our investment activities occur. The Securities and Exchange Commission, or SEC, oversees our activities as a registered investment adviser under the Investment Advisers Act of 1940. In addition, we are subject to regulation under the Investment Company Act of 1940, the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, and various other statutes. We are subject to regulation by the Department of Labor under the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974 or ERISA. We and our Castles, as public companies, are subject to applicable stock exchange regulations, and both we and Newcastle are subject to the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. A number of portfolio companies in our private equity funds are also publicly traded and/or are subject to significant regulatory oversight (such as our senior living and railroad investments). A number of our investing activities, such as our lending business, are subject to regulation by various U.S. state regulators. In the

 

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United Kingdom, we are subject to regulation by the U.K. Financial Services Authority. Our other European operations, and our investment activities around the globe, are subject to a variety of regulatory regimes that vary country by country.

Each of the regulatory bodies with jurisdiction over us has regulatory powers dealing with many aspects of financial services, including the authority to grant, and in specific circumstances to cancel, permissions to carry on particular businesses. A failure to comply with the obligations imposed by the Investment Advisers Act of 1940 on investment advisers, including record-keeping, advertising and operating requirements, disclosure obligations and prohibitions on fraudulent activities, or by the Investment Company Act of 1940, could result in investigations, sanctions and reputational damage. Our liquid hedge fund business, and, to a lesser degree, our hybrid hedge fund business, are involved regularly in trading activities which implicate a broad number of U.S. and foreign securities law regimes, including laws governing trading on inside information, market manipulation and a broad number of technical trading requirements that implicate fundamental market regulation policies. Violation of such laws could result in severe restrictions on our activities and in damage to our reputation.

Some of our private equity funds currently qualify as venture capital operating companies, or VCOC, and therefore are not subject to the fiduciary requirements of ERISA with respect to their assets. However, it is possible that the U.S. Department of Labor may amend the relevant regulations or the characteristics of our funds may change. If these funds fail to qualify as VCOCs or otherwise satisfy the requirements of ERISA, including the requirement of investment prudence and diversification or the prohibited transaction rules, it could materially interfere with our activities in relation to these funds or expose us to risks related to our failure to comply with such requirements.

Our failure to comply with applicable laws or regulations could result in fines, censure, suspensions of personnel or investing activities or other sanctions, including revocation of our registration as an investment adviser. The regulations to which our businesses are subject are designed primarily to protect investors in our funds and to ensure the integrity of the financial markets. They are not designed to protect our Class A shareholders. Even if a sanction imposed against us or our personnel by a regulator is for a small monetary amount, the adverse publicity related to such sanction against us by regulators could harm our reputation, result in redemptions by investors from our funds and impede our ability to raise additional capital or new funds.

As a result of recent highly-publicized financial scandals as well as the on going financial turmoil and related recently enacted government bailout measures, investors, regulators and the general public have exhibited concerns over the integrity of both the U.S. financial markets and the regulatory oversight of these markets. As a result, the regulatory environment in which we operate is subject to heightened scrutiny. With respect to alternative asset management funds, in recent years, there has been debate in both the U.S. and foreign governments about new rules or regulations to be applicable to hedge funds or other alternative investment products. For example, certain officials in Germany have called for implementing additional regulations, which, if enacted, could potentially apply to our business activities throughout the European Union. In April 2008, the U.S. Department of the Treasury released a blueprint for modernizing financial regulations that called for, among other things, the regulation of hedge funds and private equity funds. In January, 2009, members of the Senate introduced the Hedge Fund Transparency Act, which, among other things, proposes to require private equity funds and hedge funds to register with the SEC. Moreover, as calls for additional regulation have increased, there may be a related increase in regulatory investigations of the trading and other investment activities of alternative asset management funds, including our funds. Such investigations may impose additional expenses on us, may require the attention of senior management and may result in fines if any of our funds are deemed to have violated any regulations.

In addition, the financial industry will likely become more highly regulated in the near future in response to recent events. The chairman of the SEC and the president of the Federal Reserve Bank of New York have recently commented about the perceived need for additional regulation of financial industry firms. Also, the chairman of the Senate committee that regulates the Commodities Futures Trading Commission recently announced his intention to introduce legislation to require credit default swaps and other derivatives to be traded exclusively on regulated exchanges.

We may be adversely affected if new or revised legislation or regulations are enacted, or by changes in the interpretation or enforcement of existing rules and regulations imposed by the SEC, other U.S. or foreign governmental regulatory authorities or self-regulatory organizations that supervise the financial markets. Such changes could place limitations on the type of investor that can invest in alternative asset funds or on the conditions under which such investors may invest. Further, such changes may limit the scope of investing activities that may be undertaken by alternative asset managers as well as their funds and portfolio companies. For example, the SEC’s recent temporary ban on short sales of certain securities restricted the investment tools that some of our funds have used previously, and it is possible that the ban may be re-instituted in the future. It is impossible to determine the extent of the impact of any new laws, regulations or initiatives that may be proposed, or whether any of the proposals will become law. Compliance with any new laws or regulations could make compliance more difficult and expensive and affect the manner in which we conduct business.

 

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Our results of operations may also be negatively impacted if certain proposed tax legislation is enacted. If legislation were to be enacted by the U.S. Congress to treat carried interest as ordinary income rather than as capital gain for U.S. federal income tax purposes, such legislation would materially increase the amount of taxes that we and possibly our equityholders are required to pay, thereby reducing the value of our common units and adversely affecting our ability to recruit, retain and motivate our current and future professionals. President Obama has publicly stated that he supports similar changes to the tax code. See “—Our structure involves complex provisions of U.S. federal income tax law for which no clear precedent or authority may be available. Our structure also is subject to potential legislative, judicial or administrative change and differing interpretations, possibly on a retroactive basis” and “—Legislation has been introduced that would, if enacted, preclude us from qualifying for treatment as a partnership for U.S. federal income tax purposes under the publicly traded partnership rules. Our structure also is subject to potential judicial or administrative change and differing interpretations, possibly on a retroactive basis. Any such changes could increase our costs of doing business or materially adversely affect our profitability.”

Congress has proposed legislation that would require essentially all of our funds to register with the SEC and become subject to full SEC oversight and additional requirements, which would increase our costs.

Members of the Senate recently proposed the Hedge Fund Transparency Act, which would apply to private equity funds, venture capital funds, real estate funds and other private investment vehicles with at least $50 million in assets under management. If enacted, the bill would require that such funds – in order to remain exempt from the substantive provisions of the Investment Company Act – to register with the SEC, maintain books and records in accordance with SEC requirements, and become subject to SEC examinations and information requests. In addition, the Act would require each fund to file annual disclosures, which would be made public, containing detailed information about the fund, most notably including the names of all beneficial owners of the fund, an explanation of the fund’s ownership structure and the current value of the fund’s assets under management. Also, the Act would require each fund to establish anti-money laundering programs. We cannot predict whether this Act will be enacted or, if enacted, what the final terms of the Act would require or the impact of such new regulations on our funds. If enacted, this Act would likely negatively impact our funds in a number of ways, including increasing the funds’ regulatory costs, imposing additional burdens on the funds’ staff, and potentially requiring the disclosure of sensitive information.

Our failure to deal appropriately with conflicts of interest could damage our reputation and adversely affect our business.

As we have expanded the number and scope of our businesses, we increasingly confront potential conflicts of interest relating to our funds’ investment activities. Certain of our funds have overlapping investment objectives, including funds which have different fee structures, and potential conflicts may arise with respect to our decisions regarding how to allocate investment opportunities among those funds. For example, a decision to acquire material non-public information about a company while pursuing an investment opportunity for a particular fund gives rise to a potential conflict of interest when it results in our having to restrict the ability of other funds to take any action. In addition, holders of Class A shares may perceive conflicts of interest regarding investment decisions for funds in which our principals, who have and may continue to make significant personal investments in a variety of Fortress Funds, are personally invested. Similarly, conflicts of interest may exist or develop regarding decisions about the allocation of specific investment opportunities between Fortress and the Fortress Funds. In addition, because the Operating Entities are held, in part, by FIG Corp., which is subject to tax, conflicts of interest may exist regarding decisions about which of Fortress’s holdings should be held by Operating Entities and which by Principal Holdings. We have historically extended loans and other forms of credit support from time to time to various of our investment funds in order to support funding and liquidity needs. In addition, our principals have sometimes extended similar credit support to our funds in their individual capacities. The existence and the repayment of such obligations by the funds to us and our principals creates the potential for claims of conflicts of interest by our fund investors.

Pursuant to the terms of our operating agreement, whenever a potential conflict of interest exists or arises between any of the principals, one or more directors or their respective affiliates, on the one hand, and the company, any subsidiary of the company or any member other than a principal, on the other, any resolution or course of action by our board of directors shall be permitted and deemed approved by all shareholders if the resolution or course of action (i) has been specifically approved by a majority of the members of a committee composed entirely of two or more independent directors, or it is deemed approved because it complies with rules or guidelines established by such committee, (ii) has been approved by a majority of the total votes that may be cast in the election of directors that are held by disinterested parties, (iii) is on terms no less favorable to the company or shareholders (other than a principal) than those generally being provided to or available from unrelated third parties or (iv) is fair and reasonable to the company taking into account the totality of the relationships between the parties involved. Notwithstanding the foregoing, it is possible that potential or perceived conflicts could give rise to investor dissatisfaction or litigation or regulatory enforcement actions. Appropriately dealing with conflicts of interest is complex and difficult and our reputation could be damaged if we fail, or appear to fail, to deal appropriately with one or more potential or actual conflicts of interest. Regulatory scrutiny of, or litigation in connection with, conflicts of interest would have a material adverse effect on our reputation, which would materially adversely affect our business in a number of ways, including as a result of redemptions by our investors from our hedge funds, an inability to raise additional funds and a reluctance of counterparties to do business with us.

 

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Employee misconduct could harm us by impairing our ability to attract and retain investors and by subjecting us to significant legal liability, regulatory scrutiny and reputational harm.

Our reputation is critical to maintaining and developing relationships with the investors in our funds, potential investors and third-parties with whom we do business. In recent years, there have been a number of highly-publicized cases involving fraud, conflicts of interest or other misconduct by individuals in the financial services industry in general and the hedge fund industry in particular. There is a risk that our employees could engage in misconduct that adversely affects our business. For example, if an employee were to engage in illegal or suspicious activities (such as improper trading, disclosure of confidential information or breach of fiduciary duties), we could be subject to regulatory sanctions and suffer serious harm to our reputation, financial position, investor relationships and ability to attract future investors. It is not always possible to deter employee misconduct, and the precautions we take to detect and prevent this activity may not be effective in all cases. Misconduct by our employees, or even unsubstantiated allegations, could result in a material adverse effect on our reputation and our business.

The alternate investment management business is intensely competitive, and the industry is in a state of flux.

Due to the global economic recession, the general state of distress in the financial markets and the generally poor returns in the alternative asset management business over the last 18 months, the alternative asset management industry is generally perceived to be in a state of transition. The industry has been marked over this period by increasing anxiety on the part of institutional fund investors as those investors have suffered from decreasing returns, liquidity pressure, increased volatility and difficulty maintaining targeted asset allocations, and a significant number of investors have materially decreased or temporarily stopped making new fund investments during this period. Market commentators and analysts have expressed the belief that as the economy begins to recover and such investors begin to increase the pace of new investments, those investors are likely to concentrate their holdings in a smaller overall group of managers that have relatively long-term track records, and that such factors are likely to result in a period of significant industry consolidation, especially in the hedge fund sector. In addition, it is possible that such investors may elect to reduce their overall portfolio allocations to alternative investments such as private equity and hedge funds, resulting in a smaller overall pool of available capital in our sector.

In the event all or part of this analysis proves true, when trying to raise new capital the Company will be competing for fewer total available assets in an increasingly competitive environment, and there can be no assurance that we will be successful in continuing to raise capital at our historical growth rates. Depending on industry dynamics, we and our competitors may be compelled to offer investors improved terms (such as lower fees or improved liquidity) in order to continue to attract significant amounts of fresh investment capital. Such changes would adversely affect our revenues and profitability. As has historically been the case, competition in our industry is based on a number of factors, including:

 

   

investment performance;

 

   

investors liquidity and willingness to invest;

 

   

investor perception of investment managers’ drive, focus and alignment of interest;

 

   

actual or perceived financial condition, liquidity and stability of the Company;

 

   

quality of service provided to and duration of relationship with investors;

 

   

business reputation; and

 

   

level of fees and expenses charged for services.

We compete in all aspects of our business with a large number of investment management firms, private equity fund sponsors, hedge fund sponsors and other financial institutions. A number of factors serve to increase our competitive risks:

 

   

investors may develop concerns that we will allow a business to grow to the detriment of its performance;

 

   

investors may reduce their investments with us or not make additional investments with us based upon current market conditions, their available capital or their perception of the health of our business;

 

   

some of our competitors have greater capital, a lower cost of capital, better access to financing, lower targeted returns or greater sector or investment strategy specific expertise than we do, which creates competitive disadvantages with respect to investment opportunities;

 

   

some of our competitors may have greater technical, marketing and other resources than we possess;

 

   

some of our competitors may perceive risk differently than we do, which could allow them either to outbid us for investments in particular sectors or, generally, to consider a wider variety of investments;

 

   

some of our funds may not perform as well as competitor funds or other available investment products;

 

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our competitors that are corporate buyers may be able to achieve synergistic cost savings in respect of an investment, which may provide them with a competitive advantage in bidding for an investment, particularly if conditions in the debt markets increase our financing costs or make debt financing generally unavailable or cost prohibitive;

 

   

some investors may prefer to invest with an investment manager that is not publicly traded; and

 

   

other industry participants continuously seek to recruit our investment professionals, particularly our best and brightest, away from us.

These and other factors could reduce our earnings and revenues and materially adversely affect our business. In addition, if we are forced to compete with other alternative asset managers on the basis of price, we may not be able to maintain our current management and performance fee structures. We have historically competed primarily on the performance of our funds, and not on the level of our fees relative to those of our competitors.

The due diligence process that we undertake in connection with investments by our investment funds may not reveal all facts that may be relevant in connection with an investment.

Before making investments, we conduct due diligence that we deem reasonable and appropriate based on the facts and circumstances applicable to each investment. When conducting due diligence, we may be required to evaluate important and complex business, financial, tax, accounting, environmental and legal issues. Outside consultants, legal advisors, accountants and investment banks may be involved in the due diligence process in varying degrees depending on the type of investment. Nevertheless, when conducting due diligence and making an assessment regarding an investment, we rely on the resources available to us, including information provided by the target of the investment and, in some circumstances, third-party investigations. The due diligence investigation that we will carry out with respect to any investment opportunity may not reveal or highlight all relevant facts that may be necessary or helpful in evaluating such investment opportunity, including, among other things, the existence of fraud or other illegal or improper behavior. Moreover, such an investigation will not necessarily result in the investment being successful.

Failure to maintain effective internal control over financial reporting in accordance with Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act could have a material adverse effect on our business and stock price.

As a public company, we are required to maintain effective internal control over financial reporting in accordance with Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. While management has certified that our internal controls over financial reporting were effective as of December 31, 2008 and 2007, because internal control over financial reporting is complex and may be revised over time to adapt to changes in our business, we cannot assure you that our internal control over financial reporting will be effective in the future. If we are not able to maintain effective internal control over financial reporting, our independent registered public accounting firm may not be able to certify as to the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of the required dates. Matters impacting our internal controls may cause us to be unable to report our financial information on a timely basis and thereby subject us to adverse regulatory consequences, including sanctions or investigations by the SEC, or violations of applicable stock exchange listing rules, and result in a breach of the covenants under our credit agreement. There could also be a negative reaction in the financial markets due to a loss of investor confidence in us and the reliability of our financial statements. Confidence in the reliability of our financial statements is also likely to suffer if we or our independent registered public accounting firm reports a material weakness in our internal control over financial reporting. This could materially adversely affect us and lead to a decline in our share price and impair our ability to raise capital.

Our organizational documents do not limit our ability to enter into new lines of businesses, and we may enter into new businesses, make future strategic investments or acquisitions or enter into joint ventures, each of which may result in additional risks and uncertainties in our business.

We intend, to the extent that market conditions warrant, to grow our business by increasing management fee paying assets under management in existing businesses and creating new investment products. Our organizational documents, however, do not limit us to the investment management business. Accordingly, we may pursue growth through strategic investments, acquisitions or joint ventures, which may include entering into new lines of business, such as the insurance, broker-dealer or financial advisory industries, and which may involve assuming responsibility for the actual operation of assets or entire companies. In addition, we expect opportunities will arise to acquire other alternative or traditional asset managers. To the extent we make strategic investments or acquisitions, enter into joint ventures, or enter into a new line of business, we will face numerous risks and uncertainties, including risks associated with (i) the required investment of capital and other resources, (ii) the possibility that we have insufficient expertise to engage in such activities profitably or without incurring inappropriate amounts of risk, and (iii) combining or integrating operational and management systems and controls. Entry into certain lines of business may subject us to new laws and regulations with which we are not familiar, or from which we are currently exempt, and may lead to increased litigation and regulatory risk and negative publicity. If a new business generates insufficient revenues or if we are

 

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unable to efficiently manage our expanded operations, our results of operations will be adversely affected. In the case of joint ventures, we are subject to additional risks and uncertainties in that we may be dependent upon, and subject to liability, losses or reputational damage relating to, systems, controls and personnel that are not under our control.

Our revenue and profitability fluctuate, particularly inasmuch as we cannot predict the timing of realization events in our private equity business, which may make it difficult for us to achieve steady earnings growth on a quarterly basis and may cause volatility in the price of our Class A shares.

We experience significant variations in revenues and profitability during the year and among years because we are paid incentive income from certain funds only when investments are realized, rather than periodically on the basis of increases in the funds’ net asset values. The timing and receipt of incentive income generated by our private equity funds is event driven and thus highly variable, which contributes to the volatility of our segment revenue, and our ability to realize incentive income from our private equity funds may be limited. It takes a substantial period of time to identify attractive investment opportunities, to raise all the funds needed to make an investment and then to realize the cash value (or other proceeds) of an investment through a sale, public offering, recapitalization or other exit. Even if an investment proves to be profitable, it may be several years before any profits can be realized in cash (or other proceeds). We cannot predict when, or if, any realization of investments will occur, and the current challenging conditions in the financing markets have made it more difficult for potential buyers to finance purchases with third-party funds on favorable terms, thereby reducing the likelihood of investment realizations at favorable prices in the near term. If we were to have a realization event in a particular quarter, it may have a significant impact on our segment revenues and profits for that particular quarter which may not be replicated in subsequent quarters. In addition, our private equity investments are adjusted for accounting purposes to fair value at the end of each quarter, resulting in revenue (loss) attributable to our principal investments, even though we receive no cash distributions from our private equity funds, which could increase the volatility of our quarterly earnings. The terms of the operating documents of our private equity funds generally required that if any investment in a particular fund has been marked down below its initial cost basis, that the aggregate amount of any such markdowns (plus the amount of the accrued preferred return on the capital used to make such investments) be factored into the computation of the amount of any incentive income we would otherwise collect on the realization of other investments within the same fund. This provision generally will result in an overall lower level of incentive income being collected by the Company in the near term for any private equity fund that has investments that are carried both above and below their cost basis. To the extent that our principal investments in our private equity funds (or direct investments in private equity transactions) are marked down, such mark downs will flow through our statements of operations as a GAAP loss, even in circumstances where we have a long investment horizon and have no present intention of selling the investment.

With respect to our hedge funds, our incentive income is paid annually or quarterly if the net asset value of a fund has increased for the period. The amount (if any) of the incentive income we earn from our hedge funds depends on the increase in the net asset value of the funds, which is subject to market volatility. Our liquid hedge funds have historically experienced significant fluctuations in net asset value from month to month. Certain of our hedge funds also have “high water marks” whereby we do not earn incentive income for a particular period even though the fund had positive returns in such period if the fund had greater losses in prior periods. Therefore, if a hedge fund experiences losses in a period, we will not be able to earn incentive income from that fund until it surpasses the previous high water mark.

The investment performance of our flagship liquid hedge fund, Drawbridge Global Macro, and our flagship hybrid hedge fund, Drawbridge Special Opportunities, are down approximately 21.9% and 26.7%, respectively, from the date on which such funds last earned incentive income. Each fund must generate earnings equal to the amount of cash lost as a result of this negative performance before it will generate additional incentive income for Fortress from existing fund investors. In addition, none of our private equity funds will earn incentive income on any particular investment in the event that the aggregate carrying value of the other investments contained in the same fund is lower than the invested and unreturned capital in such fund plus any preferred return relating to such fund. The aggregate amount by which the invested and unreturned capital plus accrued preferred return exceeded the December 31, 2008 net asset values of the private equity Fortress Funds where such an excess existed was approximately $9.5 billion.

These quarterly fluctuations in our revenues and profits in any of our businesses could lead to significant volatility in the price of our Class A shares.

An increase in our borrowing costs may adversely affect our earnings and liquidity.

Under our credit agreement, we have a $75 million revolving credit facility and a $550 million term loan facility. As of March 13, 2009, we had a $550 million term loan outstanding and $54 million outstanding under our revolving credit facility (in addition to $10 million of letters of credit that were outstanding under a letter of credit subfacility). One of the lenders under this facility, representing approximately $7 million of outstanding commitments, has filed for bankruptcy protection and thus is unlikely to fulfill any borrowing requests. Borrowings under the credit agreement mature on May 10, 2012. As our facilities mature, we will be required to either refinance them by entering into new facilities or issuing new debt, which could result in higher borrowing costs, or issuing equity, which would dilute existing shareholders. We could also repay them by using cash on hand (if available) or cash from the sale of our

 

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assets. No assurance can be given that we will be able to enter into new facilities, issue new debt or issue equity in the future on attractive terms, or at all.

Our credit facility loans are typically LIBOR-based floating-rate obligations and the interest expense we incur will vary with changes in the applicable LIBOR reference rate. As a result, an increase in short-term interest rates will increase our interest costs and will reduce the spread between the returns on our investments and the cost of our borrowings. An increase in interest rates would adversely affect the market value of any fixed-rate debt investments and/or subject them to prepayment or extension risk, which may adversely affect our earnings and liquidity.

We have previously participated in large-sized investments, which involve certain complexities and risks that are not encountered in small- and medium-sized investments.

Our private equity funds have previously participated in several large transactions. The increased size of these investments involves certain complexities and risks that may not be encountered in small- and medium-sized investments. For example, larger transactions may be more difficult to finance and complete, and exiting larger deals may present challenges in many cases. In addition, larger transactions may entail greater scrutiny by regulators, labor unions, political bodies and other third parties and greater risk of litigation. Recently, labor unions and members of Congress have been more active in opposing and investigating certain larger investments by private equity firms generally.

Larger transactions may be structured as “consortium transactions” due to the size of the investment and the amount of capital required to be invested. A consortium transaction involves an equity investment in which two or more private equity firms serve together or collectively as equity sponsors. We may participate in a meaningful number of consortium transactions in the future. Consortium transactions generally entail a reduced level of control by Fortress over the investment because governance rights must be shared with the other private equity investors. Accordingly, we may not be able to control decisions relating to the investment, including decisions relating to the management and operation of the company and the timing and nature of any exit, which could result in the risks described in “—Our investment funds make investments in companies that we do not control.”

Any of these factors could increase the risk that our larger investments could be unsuccessful. The consequences to our investment funds of an unsuccessful larger investment could be more severe than a small investment given the size of the investment.

Our investment funds often make investments in companies that we do not control.

Investments by most of our investment funds will include debt instruments and equity securities of companies that we do not control. Such instruments and securities may be acquired by our investment funds through trading activities or through purchases of securities from the issuer. In addition, our private equity funds may acquire debt investments or minority equity interests (particularly in consortium transactions, as described in “—We have recently participated in large-sized investments, which involve certain complexities and risks that are not encountered in small- and medium-sized investments”) and may also dispose of a portion of their majority equity investments in portfolio companies over time in a manner that results in the investment funds retaining a minority investment. Those investments will be subject to the risk that the company in which the investment is made may make business, financial or management decisions with which we do not agree or that the majority stakeholders or the management of the company may take risks or otherwise act in a manner that does not serve our interests. If any of the foregoing were to occur, the values of investments by our investment funds could decrease and our financial condition, results of operations and cash flow could suffer as a result.

Risks Related to Our Funds

Our results of operations are dependent on the performance of our funds. Poor fund performance will result in reduced revenues, reduced returns on our principal investments in the funds and reduced earnings. Poor performance of our funds will also make it difficult for us to retain or attract investors to our funds and to grow our business. The performance of each fund we manage is subject to some or all of the following risks.

The historical performance of our funds should not be considered as indicative of the future results of our funds or of our future results or of any returns expected on our Class A shares.

The historical and potential future returns of the funds we manage are not directly linked to returns on our Class A shares. Therefore, readers should not conclude that positive performance of the funds we manage will necessarily result in positive returns on our Class A shares. However, poor performance of the funds we manage will cause a decline in our revenue from such funds, and will therefore have a negative effect on our performance and the returns on our Class A shares.

 

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Moreover, with respect to the historical performance of our funds:

 

   

the historical performance of our funds should not be considered indicative of the future results that should be expected from such funds or from any future funds we may raise, in part because the market conditions during previous periods were significantly more favorable for generating positive performance, particularly in our private equity business, than the market conditions we have experienced for the last year and may continue to experience for the foreseeable future;

 

   

the performance of a number of our funds which is calculated on the basis of net asset value of the funds’ investments, reflect unrealized gains that may never be realized;

 

   

our funds’ returns have benefited from investment opportunities and general market conditions that currently do not exist and may not repeat themselves, and there can be no assurance that our current or future funds will be able to avail themselves of profitable investment opportunities; and

 

   

several of our private equity portfolio companies have become public companies and have experienced significant subsequent decreases in their public market value. There can be no assurance that we will be able to realize such investments at profitable sale prices, particularly if market conditions are weak or the market perceives that the companies will perform less well when Fortress reduces its investment in them.

Poor performance of our funds will cause a decline in our revenue and results of operations, may obligate us to repay incentive income previously paid to us, and could adversely affect our ability to raise capital for future funds.

Our revenue from the Fortress Funds is derived principally from three sources: (1) management fees, based on the size of our funds; (2) incentive income, based on the performance of our funds; and (3) investment income (loss) from our investments in the funds, which we refer to as our “principal investments.” Our investors and potential investors continually assess our funds’ performance and our ability to raise capital. In the event that any of our funds perform poorly, our revenue and results of operations will decline, and it will likely be more difficult for us to raise new capital. In addition, hedge fund investors may redeem their investments in our funds, while investors in private equity funds may decline to invest in future funds we raise, as a result of poor performance of our funds or otherwise. Our liquid hedge funds received redemption requests for a total of $5.4 billion during 2008 and our hybrid hedge funds received redemption requests for $1.5 billion during 2008. Losses in our funds also directly impact our operating performance by decreasing the size of our assets under management, which results in lower management fee revenues. Furthermore, if, as a result of poor performance of investments in a private equity fund’s life, the fund does not achieve total investment returns that exceed a specified investment return threshold for the life of the fund, we will be obligated to repay the amount by which incentive income that was previously distributed to us and our Principals exceeds the amounts to which we are ultimately entitled. We have contractually agreed to guarantee the payment in certain circumstances of such “clawback” obligations for our managed investment funds that are structured as private equity funds. If all of our existing private equity funds were liquidated at their NAV as of December 31, 2008, the cumulative clawback obligation to investors in these funds would be approximately $81.0 million (net of amounts that would be due back from employees pursuant to profit sharing arrangements, and without regard to potential tax adjustments that would decrease our total liability).

Difficult market conditions can adversely affect our funds in many ways, including by reducing the value or performance of the investments made by our funds and reducing the ability of our funds to raise or deploy capital, which could materially reduce our revenue and adversely affect results of operations.

If economic and market conditions continue to be unfavorable, our funds may not perform well, and we may not be able to raise money in existing or new funds. Our funds are materially affected by conditions in the global financial markets and economic conditions throughout the world. The global market and economic climate may deteriorate because of many factors beyond our control, including rising interest rates or inflation, further deterioration in the credit and finance markets, terrorism or political uncertainty. In the event of a continued market downturn, each of our businesses could be affected in different ways. Our private equity funds may face reduced opportunities to sell and realize value from their existing investments, a continued lack of financing on acceptable terms, the need to invest additional capital into existing investments or to satisfy the terms of financing agreements and a lack of suitable investments for the funds to make. In addition, adverse market or economic conditions as well as a slowdown of activities in a particular sector in which portfolio companies of these funds operate could have an adverse effect on the earnings or liquidity of those portfolio companies, and therefore, our earnings. A significant number of our portfolio companies in our private equity funds have material indebtedness which needs to be periodically paid down or refinanced and some of which contains financial covenants. If the credit markets continue to experience material stress for a prolonged period, such companies may have difficulty refinancing such indebtedness or may breach financial or operating covenants in their credit agreements, which could result in a material diminution in value of our funds’ investment in such company. In some cases our private equity funds have guaranteed debt of their portfolio companies, and if such guarantees are called upon in the event that the applicable portfolio company defaults on its debt, payment of amounts due under the guarantee could have a material negative impact on the fund’s financial condition.

 

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The general market downturn that we have been experiencing has adversely affected our operating performance in a number of ways, and if the downturn continues, it may cause our revenue, results of operations and financial condition to further decline by causing:

 

   

AUM to decrease, lowering management fees;

 

   

increases in costs of financial instruments;

 

   

adverse conditions for our portfolio companies (e.g., decreased revenues, liquidity pressures, increased difficulty in obtaining access to financing and complying with the terms of existing financings as well as increased financing costs);

 

   

lower investment returns, reducing incentive income or eliminating incentive income for a period of time;

 

   

reduced demand to purchase assets held by our funds, which would negatively affect the funds’ ability to realize value from such assets;

 

   

material reductions in the value of our private equity fund investments in portfolio companies which reduce our ability to realize incentive income from these investments;

 

   

difficulty raising additional capital;

 

   

investor redemptions, resulting in lower fees and potential increased difficulty in raising new capital; and

 

   

decreases in the carrying value of our principal investments.

Furthermore, while difficult market conditions may increase opportunities to make certain distressed asset investments, such conditions also increase the risk of default with respect to investments held by our funds with debt investments, in particular the hybrid hedge funds and the Castles. Our liquid hedge funds may also be adversely affected by difficult market conditions if they fail to predict the adverse effect of such conditions on particular investments, resulting in a significant reduction in the value of those investments. Lastly, the recent significant decrease in the price of our Class A shares and the amounts outstanding under, and terms of, our credit facility have made capital raising more challenging for some of our funds.

Changes in the debt financing markets may negatively impact the ability of our investment funds and their portfolio companies to obtain attractive financing for their investments, and may increase the cost of such financing if it is obtained, leading to lower-yielding investments and potentially decreasing our incentive income.

Over the past eighteen months, the markets for debt financing have contracted significantly, particularly in the area of acquisition financings for private equity and leveraged buyout transactions as well as real estate–related financings. Large commercial banks, which have traditionally provided such financing, have demanded higher rates, more restrictive covenants and generally more onerous terms (including posting additional margin) in order to provide such financing, and in some cases are refusing, or reneging on existing commitments, to provide any financing for acquisitions which would have been readily financed under credit conditions present for the past several years.

In the event that Fortress private equity funds are unable to obtain committed debt financing for potential acquisitions (including as a result of a default by our lenders on financing commitments they have provided to us) or can only obtain debt at an increased rate, this may prevent those funds from completing otherwise profitable acquisitions or may lower the profit that the funds would otherwise have achieved from such transactions, either of which could lead to a decrease in the incentive income earned by us. Similarly, the portfolio companies owned by the Fortress private equity funds regularly utilize the corporate debt markets in order to obtain efficient financing for their operations. To the extent that the current credit markets have rendered such financing difficult or more expensive to obtain, this may negatively impact the operating performance of those portfolio companies and therefore the investment returns on our funds. In addition, to the extent that the current markets make it difficult or impossible to refinance debt that is maturing in the near term, the relevant portfolio company may face substantial doubt as to its status as a going concern (which may result in an event of default under various agreements) or be unable to repay such debt at maturity and may be forced to sell assets, undergo a recapitalization or seek bankruptcy protection.

Our Castles have historically relied on the structured finance and mortgage markets in order to obtain leverage and thereby increase the yield on substantially all of their investments. To the extent that volatility in those credit markets leads to a situation where financing of that type is unavailable or limited (as has been the case for Newcastle since mid 2007 and is currently the case for both Castles), our Castles may be unable to make new investments on a basis that is as profitable as during periods when such financing was available. Furthermore, it could significantly reduce the yield available for reinvesting capital received from prior investments, thereby reducing profits. As a result of impairments recorded in connection with this market disruption, we do not expect to earn incentive income from one of the Castles for an indeterminate period of time.

Our hedge funds have historically relied on the structured finance markets in order to obtain leverage and thereby increase the yield on certain of their investments. To the extent that financing of that type continues to be unavailable or limited, our hedge funds may be unable to make certain types of investments as the yield on those investments will be outside of the funds’ target range without leverage. This could reduce the overall rate of return such funds obtain in their investments and could lead to those hedge funds making fewer overall investments and slowing the rate of growth of the fee paying assets under management in those funds, and a commensurate decrease in the rate of growth of our management fees.

 

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We and our funds are subject to counterparty default and concentration risks.

Our funds enter into numerous types of financing arrangements with a wide array of counterparties around the world, including loans, hedge contracts, swaps, repurchase agreements and other derivative and non-derivative contracts. The terms of these contracts are often customized and complex, and many of these arrangements occur in markets or relate to products that are not subject to regulatory oversight. In particular, some of our funds utilize prime brokerage arrangements with a relatively limited number of counterparties, which has the effect of concentrating the transaction volume (and related counterparty default risk) of these funds with these counterparties.

Our funds are subject to the risk that the counterparty to one or more of these contracts defaults, either voluntarily or involuntarily, on its performance under the contract. Any such default may occur rapidly and without notice to us. Moreover, if a counterparty defaults, we may be unable to take action to cover our exposure, either because we lack the contractual ability or because market conditions make it difficult to take effective action. This inability could occur in times of market stress consistent with the conditions we are currently experiencing, which are precisely the times when defaults may be most likely to occur.

In addition, our risk-management models may not accurately anticipate the impact of market stress or counterparty financial condition, and as a result, we may not take sufficient action to reduce our risks effectively. Although each of our funds monitors its credit exposures, default risk may arise from events or circumstances that are difficult to detect, foresee or evaluate. In addition, concerns about, or a default by, one large participant could lead to significant liquidity problems for other participants, which may in turn expose us to significant losses.

In the event of a counterparty default, particularly a default by a major investment bank, one or more of our funds could incur material losses, and the resulting market impact of a major counterparty default could harm our business, results of operation and financial condition. In the event that one of our counterparties becomes insolvent or files for bankruptcy, our ability to eventually recover any losses suffered as a result of that counterparty’s default may be limited by the liquidity of the counterparty or the applicable legal regime governing the bankruptcy proceeding.

The counterparty risks that we face have increased in complexity and magnitude as a result of the continued deterioration of conditions in the financial markets and weakening or insolvency of a number of major financial institutions (such as Lehman Brothers and AIG) who serve as counterparties for derivative contracts and other financial instruments with our funds. For example, the consolidation and elimination of counterparties has increased our concentration of counterparty risk and decreased the universe of potential counterparties, and our funds are generally not restricted from dealing with any particular counterparty or from concentrating any or all of their transactions with one counterparty. In addition, counterparties have generally reacted to the ongoing market volatility by tightening their underwriting standards and increasing their margin requirements for all categories of financing, which has the result of decreasing the overall amount of leverage available to our funds and increasing the costs of borrowing. For additional detail on counterparty risks, please see “—We are subject to risks in using prime brokers and custodians.”

Because the public company is dependent on receiving cash from our funds, any loss suffered by a fund as a result of a counterparty default would also affect the results of the public company. In addition, the board of directors of the public company has no ability to influence any fund’s choice of, or the amount of a fund’s exposure to, any given counterparty. As a result, our funds may have concentrated exposure to one or more counterparties and thus be exposed to a heightened risk of loss if that counterparty defaults. This may mean that the Company has a significant concentration of risk with one or more particular counterparties at any particular time when aggregate counterparty risk is measured across all of the various Fortress Funds.

Investors in our hedge funds may redeem their investments, and investors in our private equity funds may elect to dissolve the funds, at any time without cause. These events would lead to a decrease in our assets under management (and, therefore, our revenues), which could be substantial and lead, therefore, to a material adverse effect on our business.

Investors in our hedge funds may generally redeem their investments on an annual or quarterly basis, subject to the applicable fund’s specific redemption provisions. Investors may decide to move their capital away from us to other investments for any number of reasons in addition to poor investment performance. Factors that could result in investors leaving our funds include the need to increase available cash reserves or to fund other capital commitments, changes in interest rates that make other investments more attractive, the publicly traded nature of the indirect parent of their manager, changes in investor perception regarding our focus or alignment of interest, unhappiness with changes in or broadening of a fund’s investment strategy, changes in our reputation, and departures or changes in responsibilities of key investment professionals. In a declining financial market, the pace of redemptions and consequent reduction in our fee paying assets under management could accelerate. The decrease in our revenues that would result from significant redemptions in our hedge fund business would have a material adverse effect on our business.

The recent decline in the financial markets, together with reduced liquidity in the credit markets and negative performance of many hedge funds have led to an increase in redemption requests from investors throughout the hedge fund industry, and a number of our funds have been affected by this trend. Our liquid hedge funds received a total of $5.4 billion in redemption requests, including affiliates, for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2008. Our flagship liquid

 

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hedge fund temporarily suspended redemptions. Shares representing the fund’s interests in illiquid investments were placed in special purpose entities whose interests were distributed to both redeemers and non-redeemers. In February 2009, the redeemers’ portion, including affiliates, of the liquid investments was $2.4 billion, of which $2.1 billion was paid, with the balance to be paid within the first two quarters of 2009, subject to certain fees and holdbacks. In comparison, the same liquid hedge funds received redemption requests, including affiliates, for a total of $0.3 billion related to the fiscal year ended December 31, 2007. Investors in our hybrid hedge funds are permitted to request that their capital be returned on an annual basis, and such returns of capital are paid over time as the underlying investments are liquidated, in accordance with the governing documents of the applicable funds. Return of capital requests, including affiliates, for those hybrid hedge funds totaled approximately $1.5 billion for the 2008 notice date. In comparison, the same hybrid hedge fund received return of capital requests, including affiliates, for a total of $0.6 billion for the 2007 notice date.

In addition, the investors in our private equity and domestic hedge funds may, subject to certain conditions, act at any time to accelerate the liquidation date of the fund without cause, resulting in a reduction in management fees we earn from such funds, and a significant reduction in the amounts of total incentive income we could earn from those funds. See “The historical and unaudited pro forma financial information through March 31, 2007 included in this report is not indicative of future fund performance.” Incentive income could be significantly reduced as a result of our inability to maximize the value of a fund’s investments in a liquidation. The occurrence of such an event with respect to any of our funds would, in addition to the significant negative impact on our revenue and earnings, likely result in significant reputational damage as well.

The hedge fund industry has become especially volatile in recent months, and many hedge funds may face significant redemptions and liquidity issues.

As several press and industry reports have indicated over the last four quarters, market conditions have negatively affected the hedge fund industry. Challenging market conditions have made it difficult to produce positive returns, and a significant number of hedge funds have posted negative results. Poor investment performance, together with investors’ increased need for liquidity given the state of the credit markets, has prompted relatively high levels of investor redemptions at a time when many funds may not have sufficient liquidity to satisfy some or all of their investor redemption requests. Our funds have various agreements that create debt or debt-like obligations (such as repurchase arrangements, ISDAs, credit default swaps and total return swaps, among others) with a material number of counterparties. Such agreements in many instances contain covenants or “triggers” that require our funds to maintain specified amounts of assets under management. Decreases in such funds’ AUM (whether due to performance, redemption, or both) that breach such covenants may result in defaults under such agreements, and such defaults could permit the counterparties to take various actions that would be adverse to the funds, including terminating the financing arrangements, increasing the amount of margin or collateral that the funds are required to post (so-called “supercollateralization” requirements) or decreasing the aggregate amount of leverage that such counterparty is willing to provide to our funds. In particular, many such covenants to which our hedge funds are party are designed to protect against sudden and pronounced drops in AUM over specified periods, so if our funds were to receive larger-than-anticipated redemption requests during a period of poor performance, such covenants may be breached. Defaults under any such covenants would be likely to result in the affected funds being forced to sell financed assets (which sales would presumably occur in suboptimal or distressed market conditions) or otherwise raise cash by reducing other leverage, which would reduce the funds’ returns and our opportunities to produce incentive income from the affected funds.

If conditions continue or deteriorate, many funds may face additional redemption requests throughout 2009, which would exacerbate the liquidity pressures on the affected funds. If they cannot satisfy their current and future redemption requests, they may be forced to sell assets at distressed prices or cease operations. Various measures taken by funds to improve their liquidity profile (such as the implementation of “gates” or the suspension of redemptions) that reduce the amounts that would otherwise be paid out in response to redemption requests may have the affect of incentivizing investors to “gross up” or increase the size of the future redemption request they make, thereby exacerbating the cycle of redemptions. The liquidity issues for such funds are often further exacerbated by their fee structures, as a decrease in AUM decreases their management fees. We cannot predict the effect that any conditions affecting the hedge fund industry may have on our funds. For additional information on the impact of market conditions on our hedge funds, see “Risks Related to Our Funds.”

Many of our funds invest in relatively high-risk, illiquid assets that often have significantly leveraged capital structures, and we may fail to realize any profits from these activities for a considerable period of time or lose some or all of the principal amount we invest in these activities.

Many of our funds invest in securities that are not publicly traded. In many cases, our funds may be prohibited by contract or by applicable securities laws from selling such securities for a period of time. Our funds will generally not be able to sell these securities publicly unless their sale is registered under applicable securities laws, or unless an exemption from such registration requirements is available. Accordingly, our funds may be forced to sell securities at a loss under certain conditions. The ability of many of our funds, particularly our private equity funds, to dispose of investments is heavily dependent on the public equity markets, inasmuch as our ability to realize any value from an investment may depend upon our ability to sell equity of the portfolio company in the public equity markets through an initial public offering or secondary public offering of shares of the portfolio company in which such investment is held.

 

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Furthermore, large holdings even of publicly traded equity securities can often be disposed of only over a substantial period of time, exposing the investment returns to risks of downward movement in market prices during the disposition period. The illiquid nature of many of our funds’ assets may negatively affect a fund’s ability to retain sufficient liquidity to satisfy its obligations as they become due. As a result, a fund with illiquid assets may be unable, for example, to generate sufficient liquidity to pay the management fees or other amounts due to the manager, which would, in turn, reduce the amounts we receive from our funds, thereby reducing the amount of funds available to us to satisfy our obligations, including our obligations under our credit agreement.

In addition, many of our funds invest in businesses with capital structures that have significant leverage. The large amount of borrowing in the leveraged capital structure of such businesses increases the risk of losses due to factors such as rising interest rates, downturns in the economy or deteriorations in the condition of the investment or its industry. In the event of defaults under borrowings, the assets being financed would be at risk of foreclosure, and the fund could lose its entire investment.

Our funds are subject to risks due to potential illiquidity of assets.

Our funds may make investments or hold trading positions in markets that are volatile and which may become illiquid. Timely divestiture or sale of trading positions can be impaired by decreased trading volume, increased price volatility, concentrated trading positions, limitations on the ability to transfer positions in highly specialized or structured transactions to which we may be a party, and changes in industry and government regulations. When a fund holds a security or position it is vulnerable to price and value fluctuations and may experience losses to the extent the value of the position decreases and it is unable to timely sell, hedge or transfer the position. Therefore, it may be impossible or costly for our funds to liquidate positions rapidly, particularly if the relevant market is moving against a position or in the event of trading halts or daily price movement limits on the market or otherwise. Alternatively, it may not be possible in certain circumstances for a position to be purchased or sold promptly, particularly if there is insufficient trading activity in the relevant market or otherwise.

The funds we manage may operate with a substantial degree of leverage. They may borrow, invest in derivative instruments and purchase securities using borrowed money, so that the positions held by the funds may in aggregate value exceed the net asset value of the funds. This leverage creates the potential for higher returns, but also increases the volatility of a fund, including the risk of a total loss of the amount invested. In addition, our private equity funds have historically leveraged some of their investments in order to return capital to investors earlier than would have otherwise been possible without a sale of the asset. In many such cases, such debt was secured by publicly-traded stock of portfolio companies. To the extent that the value of such collateral decreases due to decreases in the share price of such portfolio companies, our funds may be subject to margin calls that require them to call additional capital from investors, sell assets or otherwise take actions that decrease the overall return of the impacted funds. Such actions would result in overall decreased revenues for us and a lower likelihood of generating incentive income from the affected investments.

The risks identified above will be increased if a fund is required to rapidly liquidate positions to meet redemption requests, margin requests, margin calls or other funding requirements on that position or otherwise. The inability to rapidly sell positions due to a lack of liquidity has historically been the cause of substantial losses in the hedge fund industry. The ability of counterparties to force liquidations following losses or a failure to meet a margin call can result in the rapid sale of highly leveraged positions in declining markets, which would likely subject our hedge funds to substantial losses. We may fail to adequately predict the liquidity that our funds require to address counterparty requirements due to falling values of fund investments being financed by such counterparties, which could result not only in losses related to such investments, but in losses related to the need to liquidate unrelated investments in order to meet the fund’s obligations. Our funds may incur substantial losses in the event significant capital is invested in highly leveraged investments or investment strategies. Such losses would result in a decline in AUM, lead to investor requests to redeem remaining AUM (in the case of our hedge funds), and damage our reputation, each of which would materially and adversely impact our earnings.

Valuation methodologies for certain assets in our funds can be subject to significant subjectivity and the values of assets established pursuant to such methodologies may never be realized, which could result in significant losses for our funds.

There are no readily-ascertainable market prices for a very large number of illiquid investments in our private equity and, to a lesser extent, hybrid hedge funds as well as a small number of so-called “sidepocket” investments in our liquid hedge funds. The fair value of such investments of our funds is determined periodically by us based on the methodologies described in the funds’ valuation policies. These policies are based on a number of factors, including the nature of the investment, the expected cash flows from the investment, bid or ask prices provided by third parties for the investment, the length of time the investment has been held, the trading price of securities (in the case of publicly traded securities), restrictions on transfer and other recognized valuation methodologies. The methodologies we use in valuing individual investments are based on a variety of estimates and assumptions specific to the particular investments, and actual results related to the investment therefore often vary materially as a result of the inaccuracy of such assumptions or estimates. In addition, because many of the illiquid investments held by our funds are in industries or sectors which are unstable, in distress, or undergoing some uncertainty, such investments are subject to rapid changes in value caused by sudden company-specific or industry-wide developments. In addition, in many markets, transaction flow is limited

 

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due to uncertainty about accurate asset valuations which may cause hedge fund investors to become concerned about valuations of funds that have illiquid or hard-to-value assets. This concern may lead to increased redemptions by investors irrespective of the performance of the funds. In addition, uncertainty about asset values on redemptions from our investments in our hedge funds may lead to an increased risk of litigation by investors over net asset values.

Because there is significant uncertainty in the valuation of, or in the stability of the value of, illiquid investments, the fair values of such investments as reflected in a fund’s net asset value do not necessarily reflect the prices that would actually be obtained by us on behalf of the fund when such investments are sold. Realizations at values significantly lower than the values at which investments have been reflected in fund net asset values would result in losses for the applicable fund, a decline in asset management fees and the loss of potential incentive income. Also, a situation where asset values turn out to be materially different than values reflected in fund net asset values could cause investors to lose confidence in us which would, in turn, result in redemptions from our hedge funds or difficulties in raising additional private equity funds.

In some cases, the Fortress Funds realize value from an illiquid portfolio company when the portfolio company is able to sell equity in the public markets through an IPO. An IPO of a portfolio company increases the liquidity of the funds’ investment in the company and can create significant value when the dividend yield on the company’s shares after the IPO is lower than the return being generated by the company’s net assets, thereby increasing the value of its equity.

Certain of our funds utilize special situation, distressed debt and mortgage-backed investment strategies that involve significant risks.

Our private equity and hybrid hedge funds invest in obligors and issuers with weak financial conditions, poor operating results, substantial financial needs, negative net worth, and/or special competitive problems. These funds also invest in obligors and issuers that are involved in bankruptcy or reorganization proceedings. With such investments, it may be difficult to obtain full information as to the exact financial and operating conditions of these obligors and issuers. Additionally, the fair values of such investments are subject to abrupt and erratic market movements and significant price volatility if they are widely traded securities, and are subject to significant uncertainty in general if they are not widely traded securities or may have no recognized market. A fund’s exposure to such investments may be substantial in relation to the market for those investments, and the assets are likely to be illiquid and difficult to sell or transfer. As a result, it may take a number of years for the fair value of such investments to ultimately reflect their intrinsic value as perceived by us. For example, several of our funds have significant investments in mortgage backed securities and other investments that are directly or indirectly related to the value of real estate in various locations around the world, particularly in the United States. Several funds have increased their investments in this sector to take advantage of perceived investment opportunities over the past few quarters, and we have recently raised and invested a number of funds targeted specifically toward residential and mortgage backed securities and similar investments. As a result, the results of a number of our funds have been and may continue to be affected, in some cases materially, by fluctuations in the value of real estate and real estate related investments. Such fluctuations could have a meaningful impact on the performance of the applicable fund and potentially on the operating results of the public company.

A central feature of our distressed investment strategy is our ability to successfully predict the occurrence of events such as mortgage default rates, mortgage prepayment rates, the amounts of any prepayments, maturity extensions, interest rates for mortgage-backed securities and similar instruments as well as corporate events such as capital raises, restructurings, reorganizations, mergers and other transactions. Predicting any of these data points is difficult, and if our analyses are inaccurate, the actual results of such investments could be materially lower than expected and the applicable fund’s investment results could decline sharply.

The U.S. government is evaluating a proposal by the current administration to modify the terms of a significant number of residential and other loans be modified to provide relief to borrowers. We cannot predict whether any such proposals will be enacted into law or what the potential terms of any such law would be. If instituted, it is possible that loan modifications could change the terms of a tremendous number of mortgage-backed securities and other investments, including investments held by a number of our funds. Any such modifications could lower the outstanding principal, reduce the interest rate, extend the maturity or otherwise change the terms of the loan in ways that could significantly impair or eliminate the value of the loan or cause the loan to become a loss to the fund. As a result, any such loan modifications could have a significantly negative impact on the affected fund’s business, results of operations and financial condition. Similarly, legislative proposals that would permit judges to “cram-down” principal amounts on mortgage loans or would indemnify servicers for actions to modify loans in ways that could otherwise breach the applicable loan or securitization documentation have the potential to create significant value losses in our funds’ investments in various mortgage-backed securities.

In addition, these investments could subject our private equity and hedge funds to certain potential additional liabilities that may exceed the value of their original investment. Under certain circumstances, payments or distributions on certain investments may be reclaimed if any such payment or distribution is later determined to have been a fraudulent conveyance, a preferential payment or similar transaction under applicable bankruptcy and insolvency laws. In addition, under certain circumstances, a lender that has inappropriately exercised control of the management and policies of a debtor may have its claims subordinated or disallowed, or may be found liable for damages suffered by parties as a result of such actions. In the case where the investment in securities of troubled companies is made in connection with an

 

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attempt to influence a restructuring proposal or plan of reorganization in bankruptcy, our funds may become involved in substantial litigation.

If our risk management systems for our hedge fund business are ineffective, we may be exposed to material unanticipated losses.

In our hedge fund business, we continue to refine our risk management techniques, strategies and assessment methods. However, our risk management techniques and strategies do not fully mitigate the risk exposure of our funds in all economic or market environments, or against all types of risk, including risks that we might fail to identify or anticipate. Some of our strategies for managing risk in our funds are based upon our use of historical market behavior statistics. We apply statistical and other tools to these observations to measure and analyze the risks to which our funds are exposed. Any failures in our risk management techniques and strategies to accurately quantify such risk exposure could limit our ability to manage risks in the funds or to seek adequate risk-adjusted returns. In addition, any risk management failures could cause fund losses to be significantly greater than the historical measures predict. Further, our mathematical modeling does not take all risks into account. Our more qualitative approach to managing those risks could prove insufficient, exposing us to material unanticipated losses.

Some of our funds invest in foreign countries and securities of issuers located outside of the United States, which may involve foreign exchange, political, social and economic uncertainties and risks.

Some of our funds invest a portion of their assets in the equity, debt, loans or other securities of issuers located outside the United States. In addition to business uncertainties, such investments may be affected by changes in exchange values as well as political, social and economic uncertainty affecting a country or region. Many financial markets are not as developed or as efficient as those in the U.S., and as a result, liquidity may be reduced and price volatility may be higher. The legal and regulatory environment may also be different, particularly with respect to bankruptcy and reorganization, and may afford us less protection as a creditor than we may be entitled to under U.S. law. Financial accounting standards and practices may differ, and there may be less publicly available information in respect of such companies.

Restrictions imposed or actions taken by foreign governments may adversely impact the value of our fund investments. Such restrictions or actions could include exchange controls, seizure or nationalization of foreign deposits and adoption of other governmental restrictions which adversely affect the prices of securities or the ability to repatriate profits on investments or the capital invested itself. Income received by our funds from sources in some countries may be reduced by withholding and other taxes. Any such taxes paid by a fund will reduce the net income or return from such investments. While our funds will take these factors into consideration in making investment decisions, including when hedging positions, no assurance can be given that the funds will be able to fully avoid these risks or generate sufficient risk-adjusted returns.

Investments by our hedge funds will frequently rank junior to investments made by others in the same company.

In most cases, the companies in which our investment funds invest will have indebtedness or equity securities, or may be permitted to incur indebtedness or to issue equity securities, that rank senior to our investment. By their terms, such instruments may provide that their holders are entitled to receive payments of dividends, interest or principal on or before the dates on which payments are to be made in respect of our investment. Also, in the event of insolvency, liquidation, dissolution, reorganization or bankruptcy of a company in which an investment is made, holders of securities ranking senior to our investment would typically be entitled to receive payment in full before distributions could be made in respect of our investment. After repaying senior security holders, the company may not have any remaining assets to use for repaying amounts owed in respect of our fund’s investment. To the extent that any assets remain, holders of claims that rank equally with our investment would be entitled to share on an equal and ratable basis in distributions that are made out of those assets. Also, during periods of financial distress or following an insolvency, the ability of our investment funds to influence a company’s affairs and to take actions to protect their investments may be substantially less than that of the senior creditors.

Our hedge fund investments are subject to numerous additional risks.

Our hedge fund investments, including investments by our funds of hedge funds in other hedge funds, are subject to numerous additional risks, including the following:

 

   

Certain of the funds are newly established funds without any operating history or are managed by management companies or general partners who do not have a significant track record as an independent manager.

 

   

Generally, there are few limitations on the execution of our hedge funds’ investment strategies, which are subject to the sole discretion of the management company or the general partner of such funds. The execution of a particular fund’s strategy – for example a strategy involving the enforcement of property rights through litigation – may negatively impact one or more other Fortress funds.

 

   

Hedge funds may engage in short-selling, which is subject to the theoretically unlimited risk of loss because there is no limit on how much the price of a security may appreciate before the short position is closed out. A

 

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fund may be subject to losses if a security lender demands return of the lent securities and an alternative lending source cannot be found or if the fund is otherwise unable to borrow securities that are necessary to hedge its positions.

 

   

Hedge funds are exposed to the risk that a counterparty will not settle a transaction in accordance with its terms and conditions because of a dispute over the terms of the contract (whether or not bona fide) or because of a credit or liquidity problem, thus causing the fund to suffer a loss. Counterparty risk is increased for contracts with longer maturities where events may intervene to prevent settlement, or where the fund has concentrated its transactions with a single or small group of counterparties. Generally, hedge funds are not restricted from dealing with any particular counterparty or from concentrating any or all of their transactions with one counterparty. Moreover, the funds’ internal consideration of the creditworthiness of their counterparties may prove insufficient. The absence of a regulated market to facilitate settlement may increase the potential for losses.

 

   

Credit risk may arise through a default by one of several large institutions that are dependent on one another to meet their liquidity or operational needs, so that a default by one institution causes a series of defaults by the other institutions. This “systemic risk” may adversely affect the financial intermediaries (such as clearing agencies, clearing houses, banks, investment banks, securities firms and exchanges) with which the hedge funds interact on a daily basis.

 

   

The efficacy of investment and trading strategies depend largely on the ability to establish and maintain an overall market position in a combination of financial instruments. A hedge fund’s trading orders may not be executed in a timely and efficient manner due to various circumstances, including systems failures or human error. In such event, the funds might only be able to acquire some but not all of the components of the position, or if the overall position were to need adjustment, the funds might not be able to make such adjustment. As a result, the funds would not be able to achieve the market position selected by the management company or general partner of such funds, and might incur a loss in liquidating their position.

 

   

Hedge fund investments are subject to risks relating to investments in commodities, futures, options and other derivatives, the prices of which are highly volatile and may be subject to the theoretically unlimited risk of loss in certain circumstances, including if the fund writes a call option. Price movements of commodities, futures and options contracts and payments pursuant to swap agreements are influenced by, among other things, interest rates, changing supply and demand relationships, trade, fiscal, monetary and exchange control programs and policies of governments and national and international political and economic events and policies. The value of futures, options and swap agreements also depends upon the price of the commodities underlying them. In addition, hedge funds’ assets are subject to the risk of the failure of any of the exchanges on which their positions trade or of their clearinghouses or counterparties. Most U.S. commodities exchanges limit fluctuations in certain commodity interest prices during a single day by imposing “daily price fluctuation limits” or “daily limits,” the existence of which may reduce liquidity or effectively curtail trading in particular markets.

We are subject to risks in using prime brokers and custodians.

The funds in our liquid hedge funds business depend on the services of prime brokers and custodians to carry out certain securities transactions. In the event of the insolvency of a prime broker and/or custodian, the funds might not be able to recover equivalent assets in full as they will rank among the prime broker and custodian’s unsecured creditors in relation to assets which the prime broker or custodian borrows, lends or otherwise uses. In addition, the funds’ cash held with a prime broker or custodian will not be segregated from the prime broker’s or custodian’s own cash, and the funds will therefore rank as unsecured creditors in relation to the cash they have deposited.

Some of our funds had prime brokerage accounts with Lehman Brothers at the time it declared insolvency. These funds are currently working to obtain any assets or funds that are owed by Lehman Brothers to the fund. However, due to the sudden nature of Lehman’s insolvency, the complexity and ambiguity of both the contractual arrangements and applicable regulations, this process will take time, may be expensive and may result in one or more funds receiving only a portion of the amount they are owed (or potentially receiving nothing at all). Moreover, the suddenness of Lehman’s failure and resulting lack of complete information about the status of certain trades made by our funds created uncertainty as to whether certain trades were appropriately hedged. As our funds were forced to make investment decisions with imperfect information, investment decisions may have resulted in certain positions being imperfectly hedged or otherwise hedged in a manner that is inconsistent with the fund’s general investment guidelines.

Risks Related to Our Organization and Structure

Control by our principals of the combined voting power of our shares and holding their economic interest through Fortress Operating Group may give rise to conflicts of interests.

Our principals control a majority of the combined voting power of our Class A and Class B shares. Accordingly, our principals have the ability to elect all of the members of our board of directors, subject to Nomura’s right to nominate one designee, and thereby to control our management and affairs. In addition, they are able to determine the outcome of

 

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all matters requiring shareholder approval and are able to cause or prevent a change of control of our company or a change in the composition of our board of directors, and could preclude any unsolicited acquisition of our company. The control of voting power by our principals could deprive Class A shareholders of an opportunity to receive a premium for their Class A shares as part of a sale of our company, and might ultimately affect the market price of the Class A shares.

In addition, the shareholders agreement among us and the principals provides the principals who are then employed by the Fortress Operating Group holding shares greater than 50% of the total combined voting power of all shares held by such principals, so long as the principals and their permitted transferees continue to hold more than 40% of the total combined voting power of our outstanding Class A and Class B shares, with approval rights over a variety of significant corporate actions, including:

 

   

ten percent indebtedness: any incurrence of indebtedness, in one transaction or a series of related transactions, by us or any of our subsidiaries in an amount in excess of approximately 10% of the then existing long-term indebtedness of us and our subsidiaries;

 

   

ten percent share issuance: any issuance by us, in any transaction or series of related transactions, of equity or equity-related securities which would represent, after such issuance, or upon conversion, exchange or exercise, as the case may be, at least 10% of the total combined voting power of our outstanding Class A and Class B shares other than (1) pursuant to transactions solely among us and our wholly-owned subsidiaries, or (2) upon conversion of convertible securities or upon exercise of warrants or options, which convertible securities, warrants or options are either outstanding on the date of, or issued in compliance with, the shareholders agreement;

 

   

investment of $250 million or greater: any equity or debt commitment or investment or series of related equity or debt commitments or investments in an entity or related group of entities in an amount greater than $250 million;

 

   

new business requiring investment in excess of $100 million: any entry by us or any of our controlled affiliates into a new line of business that does not involve investment management and that requires a principal investment in excess of $100 million;

 

   

the adoption of a shareholder rights plan;

 

   

any appointment of a chief executive officer or co-chief executive officer; or

 

   

the termination of the employment of a principal with us or any of our material subsidiaries without cause.

Furthermore, the principals have certain consent rights with respect to structural changes involving our company.

In addition, our principals are entitled to a majority of our economic returns through their holdings of Fortress Operating Group units. Because they hold their economic interest in our business directly through Fortress Operating Group, rather than through the public company, our principals may have conflicting interests with holders of Class A shares. For example, our principals may have different tax positions from us which could influence their decisions regarding whether and when to dispose of assets, and whether and when to incur new or refinance existing indebtedness, especially in light of the existence of the tax receivable agreement. In addition, the structuring of future transactions may take into consideration the principals’ tax considerations even where no similar benefit would accrue to us. Moreover, any distribution by the Fortress Operating Group to us to satisfy our tax obligations will result in a corresponding pro rata distribution to our principals.

Our ability to pay regular dividends may be limited by our holding company structure; we are dependent on distributions from the Fortress Operating Group to pay dividends, taxes and other expenses. Our ability to pay dividends is significantly restricted by, and is also subject to not defaulting on, our credit agreement.

As a holding company, our ability to pay dividends is subject to the ability of our subsidiaries to provide cash to us. When we declare a dividend on our Class A shares, we expect to cause the Fortress Operating Group to make distributions to its unitholders, including our wholly-owned subsidiaries, pro rata in an amount sufficient to enable us to pay such dividends to our Class A shareholders. However, no assurance can be given that such distributions will or can be made. Our board can reduce or eliminate our dividend at any time, in its discretion, and our board determined not to pay any dividend to our Class A shareholders for the third and fourth quarters of 2008. In addition, Fortress Operating Group is required to make minimum tax distributions to its unitholders. See also “—Risks Related to Taxation—There can be no assurance that amounts paid as dividends on Class A shares will be sufficient to cover the tax liability arising from ownership of Class A shares.” If Fortress Operating Group has insufficient funds, we may have to borrow additional funds or sell assets, which could materially adversely affect our liquidity and financial condition. In addition, Fortress Operating Group’s earnings may be insufficient to enable it to make required minimum tax distributions to unitholders.

We are also subject to certain contingent repayment obligations that may affect our ability to pay dividends. We earn incentive income — generally 20% of the profits — from each of our private equity funds based on a percentage of the profits earned by the fund as a whole, provided that the fund achieves specified performance criteria. We generally receive, however, our percentage share of the profits on each investment in the fund as it is realized, before it is known

 

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with certainty that the fund as a whole will meet the specified criteria. As a result, the incentive income paid to us as a particular investment made by the funds is realized is subject to contingent repayment (or “clawback”) if, upon liquidation of the fund, the aggregate amount paid to us as incentive income exceeds the amount actually due to us based upon the aggregate performance of the fund. If we are required to repay amounts to a fund in order to satisfy a clawback obligation, any such repayment will reduce the amount of cash available to distribute as a dividend to our Class A shareholders. While the principals have personally guaranteed, subject to certain limitations, this “clawback” obligation, our shareholders agreement with them contains our agreement to indemnify the principals for all amounts which the principals pay pursuant to any of these personal guarantees in favor of our private equity funds. Consequently, any requirement to satisfy a clawback obligation could impair our ability to pay dividends on our Class A shares.

There may also be circumstances under which we are restricted from paying dividends under applicable law or regulation (for example due to Delaware limited partnership or limited liability company act limitations on making distributions if liabilities of the entity after the distribution would exceed the value of the entity’s assets). In addition, under our credit agreement, our ability to pay dividends will be restricted by the amortization requirements in our credit agreement and the requirement that we use 75% of our free cash flow (as defined in the agreement) to make amortization payments. Under our credit agreement, we are permitted to make cash distributions subject to the following additional restrictions: (a) no event of default exists immediately prior to or subsequent to the distribution, and (b) after giving effect to the distribution, we have cash on hand of not less than accrued but unpaid taxes (based on estimated entity level taxes due and payable by the Fortress Operating Group entities, primarily New York City unincorporated business tax) and amortization obligations (including scheduled principal payments) under the credit agreement which are required in the next 90 days. The events of default under the credit agreement are typical of such agreements and include payment defaults, failure to comply with credit agreement covenants (including a leverage covenant that is negatively affected by realized losses), cross-defaults to material indebtedness, bankruptcy and insolvency, change of control, and adverse events with respect to our material funds. Our lenders may also attempt to exercise their security interests over substantially all of the assets of the Fortress Operating Group upon the occurrence of an event of default.

Tax consequences to the principals may give rise to conflicts of interests.

As a result of unrealized built-in gain attributable to the value of our assets held by the Fortress Operating Group entities at the time of our initial public offering, upon the sale or, refinancing or disposition of the assets owned by the Fortress Operating Group entities, our principals will incur different and significantly greater tax liabilities as a result of the disproportionately greater allocations of items of taxable income and gain to the principals upon a realization event. As the principals will not receive a corresponding greater distribution of cash proceeds, they may, subject to applicable fiduciary or contractual duties, have different objectives regarding the appropriate pricing, timing and other material terms of any sale, refinancing, or disposition, or whether to sell such assets at all. Decisions made with respect to an acceleration or deferral of income or deductions or the sale or disposition of assets may also influence the timing and amount of payments that are received by an exchanging or selling principal under the tax receivable agreement. All other factors being equal, earlier disposition of assets following a transaction will tend to accelerate such payments and increase the present value of the tax receivable agreement, and disposition of assets before a transaction will increase a principal’s tax liability without giving rise to any rights to receive payments under the tax receivable agreement. Decisions made regarding a change of control also could have a material influence on the timing and amount of payments received by the principals pursuant to the tax receivable agreement.

We are required to pay our principals for most of the tax benefits we realize as a result of the tax basis step-up we receive in connection with taxable exchanges by our principals of units held in the Fortress Operating Group entities or our acquisitions of units from our principals.

At any time and from time to time, each principal has the right to exchange his Fortress Operating Group units for our Class A shares in a taxable transaction. These taxable exchanges, as well as our acquisitions of units from our principals, may result in increases in the tax depreciation and amortization deductions, as well as an increase in the tax basis of other assets, of the Fortress Operating Group that otherwise would not have been available. These increases in tax depreciation and amortization deductions, as well as the tax basis of other assets, may reduce the amount of tax that FIG Corp. or FIG Asset Co. LLC and any other corporate taxpayers would otherwise be required to pay in the future, although the IRS may challenge all or part of increased deductions and tax basis increase, and a court could sustain such a challenge.

We have entered into a tax receivable agreement with our principals that provides for the payment by the corporate taxpayers to our principals of 85% of the amount of tax savings, if any, that the corporate taxpayers actually realize (or are deemed to realize in the case of an early termination payment by the corporate taxpayers or a change of control, as discussed below) as a result of these increases in tax deductions and tax basis of the Fortress Operating Group. The payments that the corporate taxpayers may make to our principals could be material in amount.

Although we are not aware of any issue that would cause the IRS to challenge a tax basis increase, our principals will not reimburse the corporate taxpayers for any payments that have been previously made under the tax receivable agreement.

 

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As a result, in certain circumstances, payments could be made to our principals under the tax receivable agreement in excess of the corporate taxpayers’ cash tax savings. The corporate taxpayers’ ability to achieve benefits from any tax basis increase, and the payments to be made under this agreement, will depend upon a number of factors, including the timing and amount of our future income.

In addition, the tax receivable agreement provides that, upon a merger, asset sale or other form of business combination or certain other changes of control, the corporate taxpayers’ (or their successors’) obligations with respect to exchanged or acquired units (whether exchanged or acquired before or after such change of control) would be based on certain assumptions, including that the corporate taxpayers would have sufficient taxable income to fully utilize the deductions arising from the increased tax deductions and tax basis and other benefits related to entering into the tax receivable agreement.

If we were deemed an investment company under the Investment Company Act of 1940, applicable restrictions could make it impractical for us to continue our business as contemplated and could have a material adverse effect on our business and the price of our Class A shares.

We do not believe that we are an “investment company” under the Investment Company Act of 1940 because the nature of our assets and the sources of our income exclude us from the definition of an investment company pursuant to Rule 3a-1 under the Investment Company Act of 1940. In addition, we believe the company is not an investment company under Section 3(b)(1) of the Investment Company Act because it is primarily engaged in a non-investment company business. If one or more of the Fortress Operating Group entities ceased to be a wholly-owned subsidiary of ours, our interests in those subsidiaries could be deemed an “investment security” for purposes of the Investment Company Act of 1940. Generally, a person is an “investment company” if it owns investment securities having a value exceeding 40% of the value of its total assets (exclusive of U.S. government securities and cash items) on an unconsolidated basis. We intend to conduct our operations so that we will not be deemed an investment company. However, if we were to be deemed an investment company, restrictions imposed by the Investment Company Act of 1940, including limitations on our capital structure and our ability to transact with affiliates, could make it impractical for us to continue our business as contemplated and would have a material adverse effect on our business and the price of our Class A shares.

Risks Related To Our Class A Shares

An active market for our Class A shares may not be sustained.

Our Class A shares are listed on the New York Stock Exchange under the symbol “FIG.” We are required to comply with the NYSE’s listing standards in order to maintain the listing of our Class A shares on the exchange. The NYSE has the authority to delist our Class A shares if, during any period of 30 consecutive trading days, the average closing share price falls below $1.00 (which requirement has been temporarily suspended through June 30, 2009) or the average market capitalization of our Class A shares falls below $75 million and we are unable to satisfy these standards within the time periods specified under NYSE regulations. In addition, the NYSE has the authority to delist our Class A shares immediately if, during any period of 30 consecutive trading days, the average market capitalization of such shares falls below $25 million (which amount has been temporarily reduced to $15 million through June 30, 2009) or if the NYSE determines that the trading price of our shares is abnormally low or if the NYSE otherwise believes the Class A shares should no longer be listed. As of March 10, 2009, during the previous 30 consecutive trading days, the average closing share price of our Class A shares was $1.43 per share and the average market capitalization of our Class A shares was $135.3 million. The average price of our Class A shares and related market capitalization has fallen significantly over the past 12 months. If this decline continues, our Class A shares could be delisted from the NYSE. We cannot predict whether our Class A shares will be delisted. Accordingly, we cannot provide any assurance that a regular trading market of our Class A shares will be sustained on that exchange or elsewhere. Moreover, if our Class A shares are delisted from the NYSE, this event would likely decrease the trading volume and price of our Class A shares.

Accordingly, we cannot provide any assurance of the liquidity of any trading market, holders’ ability to sell their Class A shares when desired, or at all, or the prices that they may obtain for their Class A shares.

The market price and trading volume of our Class A shares may be volatile, which could result in rapid and substantial losses for our shareholders.

The market price of our Class A shares recently has been, and in the future, may be highly volatile and could be subject to wide fluctuations. In addition, the trading volume in our Class A shares may fluctuate and cause significant price variations to occur, which may limit or prevent investors from readily selling their Class A shares and may otherwise negatively affect the liquidity of our Class A shares. If the market price of our Class A shares declines significantly, holders may be unable to resell their Class A shares at or above their purchase price, if at all. We cannot provide any assurance that the market price of our Class A shares will not fluctuate or decline significantly in the future. Some of the factors that could negatively affect the price of our Class A shares or result in fluctuations in the price or trading volume of our Class A shares include:

 

   

variations in our quarterly operating results or dividends, or a decision to continue not paying a regular dividend;

 

   

failure to meet analysts’ earnings estimates;

 

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difficulty in complying with the provisions in our credit agreement such as financial covenants and amortization requirements;

 

   

publication of research reports or press reports about us, our investments or the investment management industry or the failure of securities analysts to cover our Class A shares;

 

   

additions or departures of our principals and other key management personnel;

 

   

adverse market reaction to any indebtedness we may incur or securities we may issue in the future;

 

   

actions by shareholders;

 

   

changes in market valuations of similar companies;

 

   

speculation in the press or investment community;

 

   

changes or proposed changes in laws or regulations or differing interpretations thereof affecting our business or enforcement of these laws and regulations, or announcements relating to these matters;

 

   

litigation or governmental investigations;

 

   

fluctuations in the performance or share price of other alternative asset managers;

 

   

poor performance or other complications affecting our funds or current or proposed investments;

 

   

adverse publicity about the asset management industry generally or individual scandals, specifically; and

 

   

general market and economic conditions.

In addition, when the market price of a stock has been volatile in the past, holders of that stock have, at times, instituted securities class action litigation against the issuer of the stock. If any of our shareholders brought a lawsuit against us, we may be required to incur substantial costs defending any such suit, even those without merit. Such a lawsuit could also divert the time and attention of our management from our business and lower our Class A share price.

Our Class A share price may decline due to the large number of shares eligible for future sale and for exchange into Class A shares.

The market price of our Class A shares could decline as a result of sales of a large number of our Class A shares or the perception that such sales could occur. These sales, or the possibility that these sales may occur, also might make it more difficult for us to sell equity securities in the future at a time and price that we deem appropriate. As of December 31, 2008, we had 406,571,901 outstanding Class A shares on a fully diluted basis, 49,315,411 restricted Class A share units granted to employees and affiliates (net of forfeitures), 109,174 restricted Class A shares granted to directors pursuant to our equity incentive plan, and 65,575,415 Class A shares and Fortress Operating Group units that remain available for future grant under our equity incentive plan. Beginning in 2008, the Class A shares reserved under our equity incentive plan will be increased on the first day of each fiscal year during the plan’s term by the lesser of (x) the excess of (i) 15% of the number of outstanding Class A and Class B shares of the company on the last day of the immediately preceding fiscal year over (ii) the number of shares reserved and available for issuance under our equity incentive plan as of such date or (y) 60,000,000 shares. In 2008 and 2009, this computation did not result in an increase. We may issue and sell in the future additional Class A shares or any securities issuable upon conversion of, or exchange or exercise for, Class A shares (including Fortress Operating Group units) at any time.

Our principals own an aggregate of 312,071,550 Fortress Operating Group units. Each principal has the right to exchange each of his Fortress Operating Group units for one of our Class A shares at any time, subject to the Principals Agreement. These Class A shares and Fortress Operating Group units are eligible for resale from time to time, subject to certain contractual restrictions and Securities Act limitations.

In addition, in April 2008, Fortress granted 31,000,000 Fortress Operating Group restricted partnership units (“RPUs”) to a senior employee. The RPUs will vest into full capital interests in Fortress Operating Group units in three equal portions on the first business day of 2011, 2012 and 2013, respectively, subject to continued employment with Fortress. If and when vested, these 31,000,000 Fortress Operating Group units will be exchangeable into Class A shares on a one-for-one basis. In addition, such units will have the same resale terms and restrictions as those applicable to the principals’ Fortress Operating Group units.

Our principals and Nomura are parties to shareholders agreements with us. The principals have the ability to cause us to register the Class A shares they acquire upon exchange for their Fortress Operating Group units. Nomura has the ability to cause us to register any of its 55,071,450 Class A shares.

Our principals’ beneficial ownership of Class B shares and anti-takeover provisions in our charter documents and Delaware law could delay or prevent a change in control.

Our principals beneficially own all of our Class B shares. The principals’ Class B shares will represent a majority of the total combined voting power of our outstanding Class A and Class B shares. As a result, if they vote all of their shares in

 

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the same manner, they will be able to exercise control over all matters requiring the approval of shareholders and will be able to prevent a change in control of our company. In addition, provisions in our operating agreement may make it more difficult and expensive for a third party to acquire control of us even if a change of control would be beneficial to the interests of our shareholders. For example, our operating agreement provides for a staggered board, requires advance notice for proposals by shareholders and nominations, places limitations on convening shareholder meetings, and authorizes the issuance of preferred shares that could be issued by our board of directors to thwart a takeover attempt. In addition, certain provisions of Delaware law may delay or prevent a transaction that could cause a change in our control. The market price of our Class A shares could be adversely affected to the extent that our principals’ control over us, as well as provisions of our operating agreement, discourage potential takeover attempts that our shareholders may favor.

There are certain provisions in our operating agreement regarding exculpation and indemnification of our officers and directors that differ from the Delaware General Corporation Law (DGCL) in a manner that may be less protective of the interests of our Class A shareholders.

Our operating agreement provides that to the fullest extent permitted by applicable law our directors or officers will not be liable to us. However, under the DGCL, a director or officer would be liable to us for (i) breach of duty of loyalty to us or our shareholders, (ii) intentional misconduct or knowing violations of the law that are not done in good faith, (iii) improper redemption of shares or declaration of dividend, or (iv) a transaction from which the director or officer derived an improper personal benefit. In addition, our operating agreement provides that we indemnify our directors and officers for acts or omissions to the fullest extent provided by law. However, under the DGCL, a corporation can only indemnify directors and officers for acts or omissions if the director or officer acted in good faith, in a manner he reasonably believed to be in the best interests of the corporation, and, in a criminal action, if the officer or director had no reasonable cause to believe his conduct was unlawful. Accordingly, our operating agreement may be less protective of the interests of our Class A shareholders, when compared to the DGCL, insofar as it relates to the exculpation and indemnification of our officers and directors.

We currently do not satisfy certain regulatory requirements regarding the composition of our board and committee membership.

A member of our board of directors, who was also a member of our audit committee, passed away unexpectedly in November 2008. As a result, our board is not currently comprised of a majority of independent members, and our audit committee has only two members (both of whom are independent), which does not comply with the requirements established by the NYSE and SEC. We may elect at any time to become a “controlled company” under NYSE regulations, in which case we would not be required to have a majority of independent members on our board or to have our nominating, corporate governance and conflicts committee or compensation committee be comprised of independent members. If we do not remedy this noncompliance by May 2009, the NYSE will attach a “BC” notation to our trading symbol (FIG), and we could be subject to additional sanctions by the NYSE and SEC.

Risks Related to Taxation

Class A shareholders may be subject to U.S. federal income tax on their share of our taxable income, regardless of whether they receive any cash dividends from us.

So long as we are not required to register as an investment company under the Investment Company Act of 1940 and 90% of our gross income for each taxable year constitutes “qualifying income” within the meaning of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the “Code”), on a continuing basis, we will be treated, for U.S. federal income tax purposes, as a partnership and not as an association or a publicly traded partnership taxable as a corporation. Class A shareholders may be subject to U.S. federal, state, local and possibly, in some cases, foreign income taxation on their allocable share of our items of income, gain, loss, deduction and credit (including our allocable share of those items of any entity in which we invest that is treated as a partnership or is otherwise subject to tax on a flow through basis) for each of our taxable years ending with or within their taxable year, regardless of whether or not they receive cash dividends from us. They may not receive cash dividends equal to their allocable share of our net taxable income or even the tax liability that results from that income. In addition, certain of our holdings, including holdings, if any, in a Controlled Foreign Corporation (“CFC”) and a Passive Foreign Investment Company (“PFIC”), may produce taxable income prior to the receipt of cash relating to such income, and holders of our Class A shares will be required to take such income into account in determining their taxable income. Under our operating agreement, in the event of an inadvertent partnership termination in which the Internal Revenue Service (“IRS”) has granted us limited relief, each holder of our Class A shares also is obligated to make such adjustments as are required by the IRS to maintain our status as a partnership. Such adjustments may require persons who hold our Class A shares to recognize additional amounts in income during the years in which they hold such shares. We may also be required to make payments to the IRS.

Our intermediate holding company, FIG Corp., is subject to corporate income taxation in the United States, and we may be subject to additional taxation in the future.

 

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A significant portion of our investments and activities may be made or conducted through FIG Corp. Dividends paid by FIG Corp. from time to time will, as is usual in the case of a U.S. corporation, then be included in our income. Income received as a result of investments made or activities conducted through FIG Asset Co. LLC (but excluding through its taxable corporate affiliates) is not subject to corporate income taxation in our structure, but we cannot provide any assurance that it will not become subject to additional taxation in the future, which would negatively impact our results of operations.

There can be no assurance that amounts paid as dividends on Class A shares will be sufficient to cover the tax liability arising from ownership of Class A shares.

Any dividends paid on Class A shares will not take into account a shareholder’s particular tax situation (including the possible application of the alternative minimum tax) and, therefore, because of the foregoing as well as other possible reasons, may not be sufficient to pay their full amount of tax based upon their share of our net taxable income. In addition, the actual amount and timing of dividends will always be subject to the discretion of our board of directors. In particular, the amount and timing of dividends will depend upon a number of factors, including, among others:

 

   

our actual results of operations and financial condition;

 

   

restrictions imposed by our operating agreement or applicable law;

 

   

restrictions imposed by our credit agreements;

 

   

reinvestment of our capital;

 

   

the timing of the investment of our capital;

 

   

the amount of cash that is generated by our investments or to fund liquidity needs;

 

   

levels of operating and other expenses;

 

   

contingent liabilities; or

 

   

factors that our board of directors deems relevant.

Even if we do not distribute cash in an amount that is sufficient to fund a shareholder’s tax liabilities, they will still be required to pay income taxes on their share of our taxable income.

Tax gain or loss on disposition of our common units could be more or less than expected.

If a Class A shareholder sells common units, such shareholder will recognize a gain or loss equal to the difference between the amount realized and the adjusted tax basis in those common units. Prior distributions to such common shareholder in excess of the total net taxable income allocated to such shareholder, which decreased the tax basis in its common units, will increase the gain recognized upon a sale when the common units are sold at a price greater than such shareholder’s tax basis in those common units, even if the price is less than the original cost. A portion of the amount realized, whether or not representing gain, may be ordinary income to such shareholder.

We currently do not intend to make an election under Section 754 of the Internal Revenue Code to adjust our asset basis, so a holder of common units could be allocated more taxable income in respect of those common units prior to disposition than if such an election were made.

We currently do not intend to make an election under Section 754 of the Internal Revenue Code to adjust our asset basis. If no Section 754 election is made, there will generally be no adjustment to the basis of our assets in connection with our initial public offering, or upon a subsequent transferee’s acquisition of common units from a prior holder of such common units, even if the purchase price for those interests or units, as applicable, is greater than the share of the aggregate tax basis of our assets attributable to those interests or units immediately prior to the acquisition. Consequently, upon our sale of an asset, gain allocable to a holder of common units could include built-in gain in the asset existing at the time such holder acquired such units, which built-in gain would otherwise generally be eliminated if a Section 754 election had been made.

If we are treated as a corporation for U.S. federal income tax purposes, the value of the Class A shares would be adversely affected.

We have not requested, and do not plan to request, a ruling from the IRS on our treatment as a partnership for U.S. federal income tax purposes, or on any other matter affecting us. As of the date of the consummation of our initial public offering, under then current law and assuming full compliance with the terms of our operating agreement (and other relevant documents) and based upon factual statements and representations made by us, our outside counsel opined, as of that date, that we would be treated as a partnership, and not as an association or a publicly traded partnership taxable as a

 

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corporation for U.S. federal income tax purposes. However, opinions of counsel are not binding upon the IRS or any court, and the IRS may challenge this conclusion and a court may sustain such a challenge. The factual representations made by us upon which our outside counsel relied related to our organization, operation, assets, activities, income, and present and future conduct of our operations. In general, if an entity that would otherwise be classified as a partnership for U.S. federal income tax purposes is a “publicly traded partnership” (as defined in the Code) it will be nonetheless treated as a corporation for U.S. federal income tax purposes, unless the exception described below, and upon which we intend to rely, applies. A publicly traded partnership will, however, be treated as a partnership, and not as a corporation for U.S. federal income tax purposes, so long as 90% or more of its gross income for each taxable year constitutes “qualifying income” within the meaning of the Code and it is not required to register as an investment company under the Investment Company Act of 1940. We refer to this exception as the “qualifying income exception.”

Qualifying income generally includes dividends, interest, capital gains from the sale or other disposition of stocks and securities and certain other forms of investment income. We expect that our income generally will consist of interest, dividends, capital gains and other types of qualifying income, including dividends from FIG Corp. and interest on indebtedness from FIG Corp. No assurance can be given as to the types of income that will be earned in any given year. If we fail to satisfy the qualifying income exception described above, items of income and deduction would not pass through to holders of the Class A shares and holders of the Class A shares would be treated for U.S. federal (and certain state and local) income tax purposes as shareholders in a corporation. In such a case, we would be required to pay income tax at regular corporate rates on all of our income. In addition, we would likely be liable for state and local income and/or franchise taxes on all of such income. Dividends to holders of the Class A shares would constitute ordinary dividend income taxable to such holders to the extent of our earnings and profits, and the payment of these dividends would not be deductible by us. Taxation of us as a publicly traded partnership taxable as a corporation could result in a material adverse effect on our cash flow and the after-tax returns for holders of Class A shares and thus could result in a substantial reduction in the value of the Class A shares.

Our structure involves complex provisions of U.S. federal income tax law for which no clear precedent or authority may be available. Our structure also is subject to potential legislative, judicial or administrative change and differing interpretations, possibly on a retroactive basis.

The U.S. federal income tax treatment of holders of the Class A shares depends in some instances on determinations of fact and interpretations of complex provisions of U.S. federal income tax law for which no clear precedent or authority may be available. Readers should be aware that the U.S. federal income tax rules are constantly under review by persons involved in the legislative process, the IRS, and the U.S. Treasury Department, frequently resulting in revised interpretations of established concepts, statutory changes, revisions to regulations and other modifications and interpretations. The IRS pays close attention to the proper application of tax laws to partnerships. The present U.S. federal income tax treatment of an investment in the Class A shares may be modified by administrative, legislative or judicial interpretation at any time, possibly on a retroactive basis, and any such action may affect investments and commitments previously made. For example, changes to the U.S. federal tax laws and interpretations thereof could make it more difficult or impossible to meet the qualifying income exception for us to be treated as a partnership for U.S. federal income tax purposes that is not taxable as a corporation, affect or cause us to change our investments and commitments, change the character or treatment of portions of our income (including, for instance, treating carried interest as ordinary fee income rather than capital gain) affect the tax considerations of an investment in us and adversely affect an investment in our Class A shares.

Our organizational documents and agreements permit the board of directors to modify our operating agreement from time to time, without the consent of the holders of Class A shares, in order to address certain changes in U.S. federal income tax regulations, legislation or interpretation. In some circumstances, such revisions could have a material adverse impact on some or all of the holders of our Class A shares. Moreover, we will apply certain assumptions and conventions in an attempt to comply with applicable rules and to report income, gain, deduction, loss and credit to holders in a manner that reflects such holders’ beneficial ownership of partnership items, taking into account variation in ownership interests during each taxable year because of trading activity. However, these assumptions and conventions may not be in compliance with all aspects of applicable tax requirements. It is possible that the IRS will assert successfully that the conventions and assumptions used by us do not satisfy the technical requirements of the Code and/or Treasury regulations and could require that items of income, gain, deductions, loss or credit, including interest deductions, be adjusted, reallocated, or disallowed, in a manner that adversely affects holders of the Class A shares.

Legislation has been introduced that would, if enacted, preclude us from qualifying for treatment as a partnership for U.S. federal income tax purposes under the publicly traded partnership rules. Our structure also is subject to potential judicial or administrative change and differing interpretations, possibly on a retroactive basis.

On June 14, 2007, legislation was introduced in the Senate that would tax as corporations publicly traded partnerships that directly or indirectly derive income from investment adviser or asset management services. In addition, the Chairman and the Ranking Republican Member of the Senate Committee on Finance concurrently issued a press release

 

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stating that they do not believe that proposed public offerings of private equity and hedge fund management firms are consistent with the intent of the existing rules regarding publicly traded partnerships because the majority of their income is from the active provision of services to investment funds and limited partner investors in such funds. As explained in the technical explanation accompanying the proposed legislation:

Under the bill, the exception from corporate treatment for a publicly traded partnership does not apply to any partnership that, directly or indirectly, has any item of income or gain (including capital gains or dividends), the rights to which are derived from services provided by any person as an investment adviser, as defined in the Investment Advisers Act of 1940, or as a person associated with an investment adviser, as defined in that Act. Further, the exception from corporate treatment does not apply to a partnership that, directly or indirectly, has any item of income or gain (including capital gains or dividends), the rights to which are derived from asset management services provided by an investment adviser, a person associated with an investment adviser, or any person related to either, in connection with the management of assets with respect to which investment adviser services were provided.

If enacted in its proposed form, the transition rules of the proposed legislation would delay the application of these rules for five years. Legislation also has been introduced that is substantially similar to the proposed legislation introduced in the Senate that would apply the legislation to us with respect to our 2008 taxable year. In addition, legislation has been introduced in the House, and passed by the House Ways and Means Committee, that would have the effect of treating income recognized from “carried interests” as ordinary fee income, thereby effectively causing such income to be treated as nonqualifying income under the publicly traded partnership rules, which would preclude us qualifying for treatment as a partnership for U.S. federal income tax purposes. The proposal did not discuss transition relief.

If any version of these legislative proposals were to be enacted into law, or if other similar legislation were to be enacted or any other change in the tax laws, rules, regulations or interpretations were to preclude us from qualifying for treatment as a partnership for U.S. federal income tax purposes under the publicly traded partnership rules, holders would be negatively impacted because we would incur a material increase in our tax liability as a public company from the date any such changes became applicable to us, which could result in a reduction in the value of our Class A shares.

We cannot match transferors and transferees of common units, and we have therefore adopted certain income tax accounting positions that may not conform with all aspects of applicable tax requirements. The IRS may challenge this treatment, which could adversely affect the value of our common units.

Because we cannot match transferors and transferees of common units, we have adopted depreciation, amortization and other tax accounting positions that may not conform with all aspects of existing Treasury regulations. A successful IRS challenge to those positions could adversely affect the amount of tax benefits available to our common unitholders. It also could affect the timing of these tax benefits or the amount of gain on the sale of common units and could have a negative impact on the value of our common units or result in audits of and adjustments to our common unitholders’ tax returns.

The sale or exchange of 50% or more of our capital and profit interests will result in the termination of our partnership for U.S. federal income tax purposes. We will be considered to have been terminated for U.S. federal income tax purposes if there is a sale or exchange of 50% or more of the total interests in our capital and profits within a 12-month period. Our termination would, among other things, result in the closing of our taxable year for all common unitholders and could result in a deferral of depreciation deductions allowable in computing our taxable income.

FIG Asset Co. LLC may not be able to invest in certain assets, other than through a taxable corporation.

In certain circumstances, FIG Asset Co. LLC or one of its subsidiaries may have an opportunity to invest in certain assets through an entity that is characterized as a partnership for U.S. federal income tax purposes, where the income of such entity may not be “qualifying income” for purposes of the publicly traded partnership rules. In order to manage our affairs so that we will meet the qualifying income exception, we may either refrain from investing in such entities or, alternatively, we may structure our investment through an entity classified as a corporation for U.S. federal income tax purposes. If the entity were a U.S. corporation, it would be subject to U.S. federal income tax on its operating income, including any gain recognized on its disposal of its interest in the entity in which the opportunistic investment has been made, as the case may be, and such income taxes would reduce the return on that investment.

Complying with certain tax-related requirements may cause us to forego otherwise attractive business or investment opportunities or enter into acquisitions, borrowings, financings or arrangements we may not have otherwise entered into.

In order for us to be treated as a partnership for U.S. federal income tax purposes, and not as an association or publicly traded partnership taxable as a corporation, we must meet the qualifying income exception discussed above on a continuing basis and we must not be required to register as an investment company under the Investment Company Act

 

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of 1940. In order to effect such treatment we (or our subsidiaries) may be required to invest through foreign or domestic corporations, forego attractive business or investment opportunities or enter into borrowings or financings we may not have otherwise entered into. This may adversely affect our ability to operate solely to maximize our cash flow. Our structure also may impede our ability to engage in certain corporate acquisitive transactions because we generally intend to hold all of our assets through the Fortress Operating Group. In addition, we may be unable to participate in certain corporate reorganization transactions that would be tax free to our holders if we were a corporation. To the extent we hold assets other than through the Fortress Operating Group, we will make appropriate adjustments to the Fortress Operating Group agreements so that distributions to principals and us would be the same as if such assets were held at that level.

The IRS could assert that we are engaged in a U.S. trade or business, with the result that some portion of our income is properly treated as effectively connected income with respect to non-U.S. holders. Moreover, certain REIT dividends and other stock gains may be treated as effectively connected income with respect to non-U.S. holders.

While we expect that our method of operation will not result in a determination that we are engaged in a U.S. trade or business, there can be no assurance that the IRS will not assert successfully that we are engaged in a U.S. trade or business, with the result that some portion of our income is properly treated as effectively connected income with respect to non-U.S. holders.

Moreover, dividends paid by an investment that we make in a REIT that is attributable to gains from the sale of U.S. real property interests will, and sales of certain investments in the stock of U.S. corporations owning significant U.S. real property may, be treated as effectively connected income with respect to non-U.S. holders. To the extent our income is treated as effectively connected income, non-U.S. holders generally would be subject to withholding tax on their allocable shares of such income, would be required to file a U.S. federal income tax return for such year reporting their allocable shares of income effectively connected with such trade or business, and would be subject to U.S. federal income tax at regular U.S. tax rates on any such income. Non-U.S. holders may also be subject to a 30% branch profits tax on such income in the hands of non-U.S. holders that are corporations.

An investment in Class A shares will give rise to UBTI to certain tax-exempt holders.

We will not make investments through taxable U.S. corporations solely for the purpose of limiting unrelated business taxable income, or UBTI, from “debt-financed” property and, thus, an investment in Class A shares will give rise to UBTI to certain tax-exempt holders. For example, FIG Asset Co. LLC will invest in or hold interests in entities that are treated as partnerships, or are otherwise subject to tax on a flow-through basis, that will incur indebtedness. FIG Asset Co. LLC may borrow funds from FIG Corp. or third parties from time to time to make investments. These investments will give rise to UBTI from “debt-financed” property. However, we expect to manage our activities to avoid a determination that we are engaged in a trade or business, thereby limiting the amount of UBTI that is realized by tax-exempt holders of our Class A shares.

We may hold or acquire certain investments through an entity classified as a PFIC or CFC for U.S. federal income tax purposes.

Certain of our investments may be in foreign corporations or may be acquired through a foreign subsidiary that would be classified as a corporation for U.S. federal income tax purposes. Such an entity may be a PFIC or a CFC for U.S. federal income tax purposes. U.S. holders of Class A shares indirectly owning an interest in a PFIC or a CFC may experience adverse U.S. tax consequences.

 

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Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments

We have no unresolved staff comments.

 

Item 2. Properties.

We and our affiliates have the following leases in place with respect to our headquarters in New York City and global offices:

 

Location (A)

  

Lessee

   Square
Footage
  

Lease
Expiration

   Current
Annual
Rent
                    (thousands)

New York

   Fortress    168,321    Dec-2016    $ 9,668
                 

Other

           

Atlanta

   Fortress    205    May-2009      10

Charlotte

   Fortress    11,970    Dec-2011      314

Dallas

   Fortress    12,430    Apr-2012      255

Frankfurt

   Fortress and Fortress Fund    18,708    Jun-2011      748

Geneva

   Fortress    1,420    Aug-2009      43

Hong Kong

   Fortress    3,045    Jun-2009      224

London

   Fortress    19,179    May-2017      2,521

Los Angeles

   Fortress    5,632    May-2012      406

New Canaan

   Fortress    3,356    Jan-2013      168

San Diego

   Fortress    6,207    Sep-2010      220

Shanghai

   Fortress    3,700    Mar-2011      432

Sydney

   Fortress    4,058    Dec-2013      241

Tokyo

   Fortress    6,575    Nov-2010      1,516

Toronto

   Fortress    8,535    Aug-2010      301

Temporary Space

   Fortress and Fortress Fund    383    Various      50

Disaster Recovery

   Fortress    n/a    Dec-2010      1,084
                 

Total Other

      105,403         8,533
                 

Total

      273,724       $ 18,201
                 
 
  (A) We also have a small office in Rome that is on a month-to-month basis as of December 31, 2008. The following offices have been closed subsequent to December 31, 2008: Geneva, Hong Kong, San Diego and Toronto.

We believe our current facilities are adequate for our current needs and that suitable additional space will be available as and when needed.

 

Item 3. Legal Proceedings.

We may from time to time be involved in litigation and claims incidental to the conduct of our business. Our industry is always subject to scrutiny by government regulators, which could result in litigation related to regulatory compliance matters. As a result, we maintain insurance policies in amounts and with the coverage and deductibles we believe are adequate, based on the nature and risks of our business, historical experience and industry standards. We believe that the cost of defending any pending or future litigation or challenging any pending or future regulatory compliance matter will not have a material adverse effect on our business. However, increased regulatory scrutiny of hedge fund trading activities combined with extensive trading in our liquid hedge funds may cause us to re-examine our beliefs regarding the likelihood that potential investigation and defense-related costs could have a material adverse effect on our business.

 

Item 4. Submission of Matters to a Vote of Security Holders.

No matters were submitted to a vote of our security holders during the fourth quarter of 2008.

 

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PART II

 

Item 5. Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities.

Our Class A shares have been listed and are traded on the New York Stock Exchange (“NYSE”) under the symbol “FIG” since our initial public offering in February 2007. The following table sets forth, for the periods indicated, the high, low and last sale prices in dollars on the NYSE for our Class A shares and the dividends per share we declared with respect to the periods indicated.

 

     High    Low    Last
Sale
   Dividends
Declared

2008

           

First Quarter

   $16.58    $9.50    $12.28    $0.2250

Second Quarter

   $16.00    $11.69    $12.32    $0.2250

Third Quarter

   $13.85    $8.38    $10.50    $—  

Fourth Quarter

   $10.47    $0.77    $1.00    $—  

2007

           

January 17 through February 7

   N/A    N/A    N/A    $0.0449

February 8 (IPO) through March 31

   $37.00    $23.34    $28.68    $0.1225

Second Quarter

   $34.03    $21.90    $23.82    $0.2250

Third Quarter

   $25.06    $16.05    $21.32    $0.2250

Fourth Quarter

   $24.73    $14.97    $15.58    $0.2250

We may pay out quarterly dividends on our Class A shares in amounts that reflect management’s view of our financial performance and liquidity. However, no assurance can be given that any dividends, whether quarterly or otherwise, will or can be paid. The amount of dividends we are able to pay is limited by the debt covenants and amortization payments required under our credit agreement, as described under Part II, Item 7, “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations – Covenants.” Furthermore, as described in such section under “– Market Considerations,” we didn’t pay quarterly dividends on our Class A shares in the third or fourth quarter of 2008.

On March 10, 2009, the closing price for our Class A shares, as reported on the NYSE, was $1.30. As of March 10, 2009, there were approximately 17 record holders of our Class A shares. This figure does not reflect the beneficial ownership of shares held in nominee name, nor does it include holders of our Class B shares, restricted Class A shares, restricted Class A share units or restricted partnership units.

 

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Item 6. Selected Financial and Operating Data.

The selected historical financial information set forth below as of, and for the years ended, December 31, 2008, 2007, 2006, 2005 and 2004 has been derived from our audited historical consolidated and combined financial statements.

The information below should be read in conjunction with Part II, Item 7, “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” and the consolidated and combined financial statements and notes thereto included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. In particular, Note 1 to the financial statements describes the deconsolidation of the Fortress Funds on March 31, 2007, which materially impacts the comparability between years.

 

     Year Ended December 31,  
     2008     2007     2006     2005     2004  
     (in thousands, except share data)  

Operating Data

  

Revenues

          

Management fees and incentive income from affiliates and other revenues

   $ 731,800     $ 926,985     $ 410,815     $ 284,313     $ 128,671  

Interest and dividend income - investment company holdings

     —         309,030       1,110,489       759,086       222,707  
                                        
     731,800       1,236,015       1,521,304       1,043,399       351,378  
                                        

Expenses

     1,530,353       1,787,043       1,117,283       685,229       198,403  
                                        

Other Income (Loss)

          

Gains (losses) - investment company holdings

     —         (647,477 )     6,594,029       2,903,978       881,658  

Gains (losses) - other investments

     (58,305 )     (109,160 )     173,641       37,181       20,512  

Tax receivable agreement liability reduction

     55,115       —         —         —         —    

Earnings (losses) from equity method investees

     (304,180 )     (61,674 )     5,039       10,465       14,616  
                                        
     (307,370 )     (818,311 )     6,772,709       2,951,624       916,786  
                                        

Income (loss) before deferred incentive income, principals’ and others’ interests in (income) loss of consolidated subsidiaries and income taxes

     (1,105,923 )     (1,369,339 )     7,176,730       3,309,794       1,069,761  

Deferred incentive income

     —         307,034       (1,066,137 )     (444,567 )     (104,558 )

Principals’ and others’ interests in (income) loss of consolidated subsidiaries

     898,798       996,870       (5,655,184 )     (2,662,926 )     (847,365 )
                                        

Income (loss) before income taxes

     (207,125 )     (65,435 )     455,409       202,301       117,838  

Income tax benefit (expense)

     (115,163 )     5,632       (12,525 )     (9,625 )     (3,388 )
                                        

Net Income (Loss)

   $ (322,288 )   $ (59,803 )   $ 442,884     $ 192,676     $ 114,450  
                                        

Dividends declared per Class A share

   $ 0.4500     $ 0.8424        
                      
           Jan 1 through Jan 16                    

Earnings Per Unit - Fortress Operating Group

          

Net income per Fortress Operating Group unit

     $ 0.36     $ 1.21     $ 0.52     $ 0.31  
                                  

Weighted average number of Fortress Operating Group units outstanding

       367,143,000       367,143,000       367,143,000       367,143,000  
                                  
           Jan 17 through Dec 31                    

Earnings Per Class A Share - Fortress Investment Group

          

Net income (loss) per Class A share, basic

   $ (3.50 )   $ (2.14 )      
                      

Net income (loss) per Class A share, diluted

   $ (3.50 )   $ (2.14 )      
                      

Weighted average number of Class A shares outstanding, basic

     94,934,487       92,214,827        
                      

Weighted average number of Class A shares outstanding, diluted

     94,934,487       92,214,827        
                      
     As of December 31,  
     2008     2007     2006     2005     2004  

Balance Sheet Data

          

Investment company holdings, at fair value

   $ —       $ —       $ 21,944,596     $ 10,582,109     $ 5,365,309  

Other investments

     774,421       1,107,919       176,833       451,489       48,444  

Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash

     263,337       100,409       625,205       288,363       179,727  

Total assets

     1,577,735       1,989,781       23,682,573       11,863,938       5,796,733  

Debt obligations payable

     729,041       535,000       3,306,609       2,250,433       928,504  

Deferred incentive income

     163,635       173,561       1,648,782       585,864       141,277  

Total liabilities

     1,423,715       1,491,633       5,692,157       3,343,262       1,306,021  

Principals’ and others’ interests in equity of consolidated subsidiaries

     71,462       308,023       17,868,895       8,397,167       4,405,835  

Shareholders’/members’ equity, including accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)

     82,558       190,125       121,521       123,509       84,877  

 

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Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.

(tables in thousands except as otherwise indicated and per share data)

The following discussion should be read in conjunction with Fortress Investment Group’s consolidated and combined financial statements and the related notes (referred to as “consolidated financial statements” or “historical consolidated financial statements”) included within this Annual Report on Form 10-K. This discussion contains forward-looking statements that are subject to known and unknown risks and uncertainties. Actual results and the timing of events may differ significantly from those expressed or implied in such forward-looking statements due to a number of factors, including those included in Part I, Item 1A, “Risk Factors” and elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

During the first quarter of 2007, we consummated a number of significant transactions, including the Nomura transaction, the formation transactions, our initial public offering, and the deconsolidation of a number of Fortress Funds. The deconsolidation of the Fortress Funds has had significant effects on many of the items within our financial statements but had no net effect on net income or equity. Since the deconsolidation did not occur until March 31, 2007, the statement of operations and the statement of cash flows for the year ended December 31, 2007 are presented including these funds on a consolidated basis for the period prior to deconsolidation. The pro forma effects of the deconsolidation on these financial statements are described in Note 13 to Part II, Item 8, “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data – Pro Forma Financial Information (Unaudited).”

General

Our Business

Fortress is a leading global alternative asset manager with approximately $29.5 billion in AUM as of December 31, 2008. We raise, invest and manage private equity funds and hedge funds. We earn management fees based on the size of our funds, incentive income based on the performance of our funds, and investment income (loss) from our principal investments in those funds. We invest capital in each of our businesses.

As of December 31, 2008, we managed alternative assets in two core businesses:

Private Equity Funds — a business that manages approximately $15.8 billion of AUM comprised of two business segments: (i) funds that primarily make significant, control-oriented investments in North America and Western Europe, with a focus on acquiring and building asset-based businesses with significant cash flows. We also manage a family of “long dated value” funds focused on investing in undervalued assets with limited current cash flows and long investment horizons, a family of “real assets” funds focused on investing in tangible and intangible assets in four principal categories (real estate, capital assets, natural resources and intellectual property), and a family of “credit opportunities” funds focused on investing in distressed and undervalued assets; and (ii) publicly traded alternative investment vehicles, which we refer to as “Castles,” that invest primarily in real estate and real estate related debt investments.

Hedge Funds — a business that manages approximately $13.7 billion of AUM comprised of two business segments; (i) hybrid hedge funds – which make highly diversified investments globally in assets, opportunistic lending situations and securities throughout the capital structure with a value orientation, as well as investment funds managed by external managers; and (ii) liquid hedge funds – which invest globally in fixed income, currency, equity and commodity markets and related derivatives to capitalize on imbalances in the financial markets.

In addition, we treat our principal investments in these funds as a distinct business segment.

Managing Business Performance

We conduct our management and investment business through the following five primary segments: (i) private equity funds, (ii) Castles (iii) liquid hedge funds, (iv) hybrid hedge funds, and (v) principal investments in those funds, as well as cash that is available to be invested. These segments are differentiated based on the varying investment strategies of the funds we manage in each segment.

The amounts not allocated to a segment consist primarily of certain general and administrative expenses. Where applicable, portions of the general and administrative expenses have been allocated between the segments.

Management makes operating decisions and assesses performance with regard to each of our primary segments based on financial data that is presented without the consolidation of any Fortress Funds. Accordingly, segment data for these segments is reflected on an unconsolidated basis, even for periods prior to the deconsolidation. Management also assesses our segments on a Fortress Operating Group and pre-tax basis, and therefore adds back the interests in consolidated subsidiaries related to Fortress Operating Group units (held by the principals) and income tax expense.

Management assesses the net performance of each segment based on its “distributable earnings.” Distributable earnings is not a measure of cash generated by operations which is available for distribution. Rather distributable earnings is a supplemental measure of operating performance used by management in analyzing its segment and overall results. Distributable earnings should not be considered as an alternative to cash flow in accordance with GAAP or as a measure of our liquidity, and is not necessarily indicative of cash available to fund cash needs (including dividends and distributions).

 

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We believe that the presentation of distributable earnings enhances a reader’s understanding of the economic operating performance of our segments. For a more detailed discussion of distributable earnings and how it reconciles to our GAAP net income (loss), see “— Results of Operations — Segments Analysis” below.

Market Considerations

Our revenues consist primarily of (i) management fees based generally on the size of our funds, (ii) incentive income based on the performance of our funds and (iii) investment income from our investments in those funds. Our ability to maintain and grow our revenues – both at Fortress and within our funds – depends on our ability to attract new capital and investors, secure investment opportunities, obtain financing for transactions, consummate investments and deliver attractive risk-adjusted returns. Our ability to execute this investment strategy depends upon a number of market conditions, including:

The strength and liquidity of U.S. and global financial institutions and the financial system.

Many market participants have become increasingly uncertain about the health of a number of financial institutions as well as the financial system in general. Continuing write-downs and capital related issues in the financial services industry have contributed to the recent wave of significant events affecting financial institutions, including the insolvency of Lehman Brothers, the government’s placing Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac and AIG under its supervision, the government’s increasing its equity investment in Citigroup, and the announced distressed sales of all or portions of Bear Stearns, Merrill Lynch, Wachovia and Washington Mutual. These events have impacted the credit and equity markets and global economy in a number of ways (some of which are discussed in more detail below under “–The strength and liquidity of the U.S. and global equity and debt markets”). In addition, certain of these institutions serve as key counterparties for a tremendous number of derivatives and other financial instruments held by Fortress and our funds. The consolidation and elimination of counterparties has increased our concentration of counterparty risk, decreased the universe of potential counterparties and reduced our ability to obtain competitive financing rates. Moreover, the insolvency of Lehman Brothers affected some of our funds in various ways. For example, some of our hedge funds had prime brokerage accounts with Lehman Brothers, and Lehman Brothers was the counterparty on a number of these funds’ derivatives, repurchase agreements and other financial instruments. These funds are working to close out such arrangements, and we do not currently expect losses as a result of the Lehman insolvency to have a material effect on the net asset value of any Fortress Fund or on Fortress. However, due to the sudden nature of Lehman’s insolvency, the complexity and ambiguity of both the contractual arrangements and applicable regulations, this process will take time, may be expensive and may result in one or more funds receiving only a portion of the amount they are owed (or potentially receiving nothing at all). Additional failures of financial institutions, particularly those who serve as counterparties to our financing arrangements, would have a meaningfully negative impact on the financial markets in which we operate and could have a meaningfully negative impact on Fortress and one of more of our funds.

The strength and liquidity of the U.S. and global equity and debt markets.

Strong equity market conditions enable our private equity funds to increase the value, and effect realizations, of their portfolio company investments. In addition, strong equity markets make it generally easier for our funds that invest in equities to generate positive investment returns. The condition of debt markets also has a meaningful impact on our business. Several of our funds make investments in debt instruments, which are assisted by a strong and liquid debt market. In addition, our funds borrow money to make investments. Our funds utilize leverage in order to increase investment returns, which ultimately drive the performance of our funds. Furthermore, we utilize debt to finance our investments in our funds and for working capital purposes.

Although equity and debt market conditions had been favorable for a number of years, the debt market conditions began to deteriorate in mid-2007, as the United States experienced considerable turbulence in the housing and sub-prime mortgage markets, which negatively affected other fixed income markets. The difficult conditions in the fixed income markets prompted lenders to cease committing to new senior loans and other debt, which, in turn, made it extremely difficult to finance new and pending private equity acquisitions or to refinance existing debt. Recently announced private equity-led acquisitions have been smaller, less levered, and subject to more restrictive debt covenants than acquisitions done prior to the disruption.

As the turbulence continued and its intensity increased, equity market conditions also began to deteriorate in the latter part of 2007 as concerns of an economic slowdown began to affect equity valuations. The resulting reduction in liquidity and increase in volatility caused several commercial and investment banks, hedge funds and other financial institutions to reduce the carrying value of a significant amount of their fixed income holdings, which further reduced the liquidity of debt and, to a lesser extent, equity instruments. Although the United States and other governments took a number of significant steps to improve market conditions, such efforts to date have not brought stability or liquidity to the capital markets, and we cannot predict the future conditions of these markets or the impact of such conditions on our business.

The current market conditions have negatively impacted our business in several ways:

 

   

There currently is less debt and equity capital available in the market relative to the levels available in recent years, which, coupled with recent additional margin collateral requirements imposed by lenders on some types

 

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of investments, debt and derivatives, has increased the importance of maintaining sufficient liquidity without undue reliance upon additional infusions of capital from the debt and equity markets. Based on cash balances, committed financing and short-term operating cash flows, in the judgment of management, we have sufficient liquidity in the current market environment. However, maintaining this liquidity rather than investing available capital, and the reduced availability of attractive financing, has reduced our returns. Furthermore, we expect that our ability to access liquidity through the raising of equity capital or the issuance of debt obligations has been limited by the current market environment. This, in turn, may limit our ability to make investments, distributions, or engage in other strategic transactions. The dislocation of values and associated decreased liquidity in the global equity and debt markets have caused a material depreciation in equity and fixed income asset values, greater price volatility and weaker economic conditions around the globe. This has resulted in a significant reduction in the value of our investments, which in turn impacts our management fees, incentive income and investment income as described below.

 

   

There has been a prolonged reduction in market trading activity. This reduction and concern over market conditions have resulted in significant reductions in valuations by third party brokers and pricing agents.

 

   

The per share market prices of the investments held by our private equity funds in public companies have decreased substantially. This, in turn, has contributed to a significant decrease in our public company surplus. A decrease in this surplus hinders our ability to realize gains within these funds and therefore our ability to earn incentive income. Furthermore, the disruptions in the debt and equity markets have made exit strategies for private investments more difficult to execute as potential buyers have difficulty obtaining attractive financing and the demand for IPOs has been greatly reduced.

 

   

These conditions have made it more difficult to generate positive investment returns and have contributed to increased redemption requests from investors throughout the hedge fund industry, and a number of our funds have been affected by this trend.

 

   

As a result of the above factors:

 

   

Our 2008 distributable earnings (a $162.2 million loss) is lower than the amount of dividends and distributions we have paid ($203.9 million) in respect of such period, and we did not pay a dividend on our Class A shares for the third or fourth quarter. The decision to pay a dividend, as well as the amount of any dividends paid, is subject to change at the discretion of our board of directors based upon a number of factors, including actual and projected distributable earnings. If current conditions persist or deteriorate, we may be unable to pay any dividends.

 

   

Our share of the NAV of certain fund investments, including certain investments on which we have received incentive returns, has declined below their related carrying amounts for distributable earnings purposes. During the year ended December 31, 2008, we have taken $367.4 million of impairments and reserves related to such funds for distributable earnings purposes. While we expect aggregate returns on our other private equity fund investments to ultimately exceed their carrying amount, if such funds were liquidated at their current NAV (although we have no present intention of doing so), the result would be additional impairment and reserves of approximately $34.2 million. Declines in the NAV of our fund investments have also caused us to record GAAP losses from equity method investees of $304.2 million in 2008. Furthermore, such declines impact our future management fees, generally at an annual rate of between 1% - 3% of the decline in aggregate fund NAV. See “– Fee Paying Assets Under Management” below for a table summarizing our AUM.

 

   

Our liquid hedge funds received a total of $5.4 billion in redemption requests, including affiliates, for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2008. Our flagship liquid hedge fund temporarily suspended redemptions to ensure an equitable division of both liquid and illiquid investments between redeemers and non-redeemers. Shares representing the fund’s interests in illiquid investments were placed in special purpose entities whose interests were distributed to both redeemers and non-redeemers. Investments held in these entities are subject to management fees of 1.5%. In February 2009, the redeemers’ portion, including affiliates, of the liquid investments was $2.4 billion, of which $2.1 billion was paid, with the balance to be paid within the first two quarters of 2009, subject to certain fees and holdbacks. These redemptions will directly impact the management fees we receive in 2009 from such funds (which pay management fees of between 2% - 3% of AUM). In comparison, the same liquid hedge funds received and paid redemption requests, including affiliates, for a total of $0.3 billion related to the fiscal year ended December 31, 2007. Investors in our hybrid hedge funds are permitted to request that their capital be returned on an annual basis, and such returns of capital are paid over time as the underlying investments are liquidated, in accordance with the governing documents of the applicable funds. During this period, such amounts continue to be subject to management fees and, as applicable, incentive income. Return of capital requests, including affiliates, for those hybrid hedge funds totaled approximately $1.5 billion for the 2008 notice date. In comparison, the same hybrid hedge funds received return of capital requests, including affiliates, for a total of $0.6 billion for the 2007 notice date.

 

   

As a result of not meeting the incentive income thresholds with respect to such funds’ current investors, the incentive income from substantially all of our hybrid and liquid hedge funds has been discontinued for an indefinite period of time. Returns earned on capital from new investors continue to be incentive income eligible. Unrealized losses in substantially all of our private equity funds have resulted in significantly

 

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higher future returns being required before we earn incentive income from such funds. The returns required are subject to a number of variables including: the amount of loss incurred, the amount of outstanding capital in the fund, the amount and timing of future capital draws and distributions, the rate of preferential return earned by investors, and others. We do not expect to earn a substantial amount of incentive income in 2009.

 

   

The current ratio of our distributable earnings to our AUM is lower than it has been historically, and it is reasonably likely that the future ratios may also be below historic levels for an indeterminate period of time.

 

   

Decreases in revenues and in the value of our principal investments could potentially affect our ability to comply with our debt covenants in the future. See “– Covenants” below.

 

   

We are currently focused on preserving capital and liquidity rather than making investments.

The strength of, and competitive dynamics within, the alternative asset management industry, including the amount of capital invested in, and withdrawn from, alternative investments.

The strength of the alternative asset management industry, and our competitive strength relative to our peers, are dependent upon several factors, including, among other things, (1) the investment returns alternative asset managers can provide relative to other investment options, (2) the amount of capital investors allocate to alternative asset managers and (3) our performance relative to our competitors and the related impact on our ability to attract new capital.

First, the strength of the alternative asset management industry is dependent upon the investment returns alternative asset managers can provide relative to other investment options. This factor depends, in part, on the interest rate and credit spreads (which represent the yield demanded on financial instruments by the market in comparison to a benchmark rate, such as the relevant U.S. treasury rate or LIBOR) available on other investment products because as interest rates rise and/or spreads widen, returns available on such investments would tend to increase and, therefore, become more attractive relative to the returns offered by investment products offered by alternative asset managers. We have benefited in recent years from relatively tight spreads, which have allowed us and the funds we manage to obtain financing for investments at attractive rates and made our investment products attractive relative to many other products. Over the past two years, spreads have widened significantly. In addition to potentially reducing the relative attractiveness of our investment products, this widening will typically increase our costs when financing our investments using debt, which, in turn, reduces the net return we can earn on those investments. Furthermore, wider spreads reduce the value of investments currently owned by our funds. A reduction in the value of our funds’ investments directly impacts our management fees and incentive income from such funds. As a result, this dynamic could slow capital flow to the alternative investment sector.

A second and related factor is the amount of capital invested with such managers. Over the past several years, institutions, high net worth individuals and other investors (including sovereign wealth funds) have increased their allocations of capital to the alternative investment sector. However, investors have recently begun reducing the amount of capital they are allocating to certain alternative asset investment products, particularly hedge funds, for three reasons. First, as discussed above, challenging market conditions have reduced the returns generated by hedge funds, with many funds posting negative returns in 2008. Second, the lack of available credit has prompted many investors to maximize their cash holdings. Because the terms of many hedge funds allow investors to redeem their capital periodically (as opposed to most private equity funds, which do not allow redemptions), investors have begun redeeming their investments at rates that are generally higher than redemptions rates in previous years. This wave of redemptions may affect the investment decisions, and impair the viability, of many hedge funds who may not have sufficient cash on hand to satisfy redemption requests and may thus be forced either to sell assets at distressed prices in order to generate cash or take other measures. As discussed above, certain of our hedge funds have recently received higher levels of redemption requests than those received in previous years. Third, negative investment performance has significantly reduced the amount of capital held by university endowments, pension funds, insurance companies and other traditionally significant investors in the alternative assets sector. As a result, many of these investors are decreasing the amount of capital they will allocate to alternative assets.

The third factor, which most directly impacts our results, is our investment performance relative to other investment alternatives, including products offered by other alternative asset managers. As a historical leader in the alternative asset management sector based on the size, diversity and historical performance of our funds, we have been able to attract a significant amount of new capital. However, as noted above, current market conditions have reduced the flow of new capital into the alternative asset management sector, and we have recently experienced stronger headwinds in our capital raising efforts, and we expect to continue to experience these trends during 2009. As a result of market conditions, our gross capital raised during 2008 (of $8.7 billion) was lower than our expectations at the beginning of the year (of approximately $15 billion to $20 billion). These factors have prompted us to reduce our expectations regarding future management fees and potential incentive income.

Market Considerations Summary

While short-term disruptions in the markets, with respect to equity prices, interest rates, credit spreads or other market factors, including market liquidity, may adversely affect our existing positions, we believe such disruptions generally

 

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present significant new opportunities for investment, particularly in distressed asset classes. Our ability to take advantage of these opportunities will depend on our ability to access debt and equity capital, both at Fortress and within the funds. No assurance can be given that future trends will not be disadvantageous to us, particularly if current challenging conditions persist or intensify.

We do not currently know the full extent to which this disruption will affect us or the markets in which we operate. If the disruption continues, or results in a permanent, fundamental change in the credit markets, we and the funds we manage may experience further tightening of liquidity, reduced earnings and cash flow, impairment charges, increased margin requirements, as well as challenges in maintaining our reputation, raising additional capital, maintaining compliance with debt covenants, obtaining investment financing and making investments on attractive terms, and may need to make corresponding fundamental changes in our investment practices. However, to date we have been able to continue raising capital for our funds, on a net basis, both through new and existing funds, which serves both to increase our AUM and our management fee income and to give us a significant amount of capital available to be invested at a time when we believe attractive returns in distressed and other asset classes are available.

Results of Operations

The following is a discussion of our results of operations as reported under GAAP. For a detailed discussion of distributable earnings and revenues from each of our segments, see “— Segment Analysis” below.

Effective March 31, 2007, we deconsolidated our Fortress Funds and, subsequent to this transaction, our results of operations are presented on a deconsolidated basis. To provide better insight and understanding of our results of operations based on our current structure, and a better comparative basis, the following tables compare our results of operations for the year ended December 31, 2008 and our pro forma results of operations for the years ended December 31, 2007 and 2006 on a deconsolidated basis. The pro forma results will be the basis of the discussion summarizing the changes in our results of operations for the years ended December 31, 2007 and 2006. On a GAAP basis, excluding pro forma adjustments, we had broad decreases across all of our financial statement line items from 2007 to 2008 and from 2006 to 2007 as a result of the deconsolidation.

 

           Year Ended December 31, 2007        
     Year Ended
December 31, 2008
    Consolidated     Deconsolidation
Adjustments
    Pro Forma
Deconsolidated
    Variance  

Revenues

          

Management fees from affiliates

   $ 593,007     $ 414,166 $     53,072     $ 467,238     $ 125,769  

Incentive income from affiliates

     56,588       442,892     211,682       654,574       (597,986 )

Other revenues

     82,205       69,927     (3,232 )     66,695       15,510  

Interest and dividend income - investment company holdings

     —         309,030     (309,030 )     —         —    
                                      
     731,800       1,236,015     (47,508 )     1,188,507       (456,707 )
                                      

Expenses

          

Interest expense

     40,140       166,933     (132,620 )     34,313       5,827  

Compensation and benefits

     440,659       658,815     (9,805 )     649,010       (208,351 )

Principals agreement compensation

     954,685       852,956     —         852,956       101,729  

General, administrative and other (including depreciation and amortization)

     94,869       108,339     (22,024 )     86,315       8,554  
                                      
     1,530,353       1,787,043     (164,449 )     1,622,594       (92,241 )
                                      

Other Income (Loss)

          

Gains (losses) - investment company holdings

     —         (647,477 )   647,477       —         —    

Gains (losses) - other investments

     (58,305 )     (109,160 )   —         (109,160 )     50,855  

Tax receivable agreement liability reduction

     55,115       —       —         —         55,115  

Earnings (losses) from equity method investees

     (304,180 )     (61,674 )   3,231       (58,443 )     (245,737 )
                                      
     (307,370 )     (818,311 )   650,708       (167,603 )     (139,767 )
                                      

Income (Loss) Before Deferred Incentive Income, Principals’ and Others’ Interests in (Income) Loss of Consolidated Subsidiaries and Income Taxes

     (1,105,923 )     (1,369,339 )   767,649       (601,690 )     (504,233 )

Deferred incentive income

     —         307,034     (307,034 )     —         —    

Principals’ and others’ interests in (income) loss of consolidated subsidiaries

     898,798       996,870     (460,615 )     536,255       362,543  
                                      

Income (Loss) Before Income Taxes

     (207,125 )     (65,435 )   —         (65,435 )     (141,690 )

Income tax benefit (expense)

     (115,163 )     5,632     —         5,632       (120,795 )
                                      

Net Income (Loss)

   $ (322,288 )   $ (59,803 ) $   —       $ (59,803 )   $ (262,485 )
                                      

 

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     Year Ended
December 31, 2007
    Year Ended December 31, 2006        
     Pro Forma
Deconsolidated
    Consolidated     Deconsolidation
Adjustments
    Pro Forma
Deconsolidated
    Variance  

Revenues

          

Management fees from affiliates

   $ 467,238     $ 154,649     $ 164,355     $ 319,004     $ 148,234  

Incentive income from affiliates

     654,574       185,364       140,151       325,515       329,059  

Other revenues

     66,695       70,802       (58,102 )     12,700       53,995  

Interest and dividend income - investment company holdings

     —         1,110,489       (1,110,489 )     —         —    
                                        
     1,188,507       1,521,304       (864,085 )     657,219       531,288  
                                        

Expenses

          

Interest expense

     34,313       559,366       (518,758 )     40,608       (6,295 )

Compensation and benefits

     649,010       436,004       (50,914 )     385,090       263,920  

Principals agreement compensation

     852,956       —         —         —         852,956  

General, administrative and other (including depreciation and amortization)

     86,315       121,913       (71,292 )     50,621       35,694  
                                        
     1,622,594       1,117,283       (640,964 )     476,319       1,146,275  
                                        

Other Income (Loss)

          

Gains (losses) - investment company holdings

     —         6,594,029       (6,594,029 )     —         —    

Gains (losses) - other investments

     (109,160 )     173,641       5,533       179,174       (288,334 )

Earnings (losses) from equity method investees

     (58,443 )     5,039       103,146       108,185       (166,628 )
                                        
     (167,603 )     6,772,709       (6,485,350 )     287,359       (454,962 )
                                        

Income (Loss) Before Deferred Incentive Income, Principals’ and Others’ Interests in (Income) Loss of Consolidated Subsidiaries and Income Taxes

     (601,690 )     7,176,730       (6,708,471 )     468,259       (1,069,949 )

Deferred incentive income

     —         (1,066,137 )     1,066,137       —         —    

Principals’ and others’ interests in (income) loss of consolidated subsidiaries

     536,255       (5,655,184 )     5,636,457       (18,727 )     554,982  
                                        

Income (Loss) Before Income Taxes

     (65,435 )     455,409       (5,877 )     449,532       (514,967 )

Income tax benefit (expense)

     5,632       (12,525 )     581       (11,944 )     17,576  
                                        

Net Income (Loss)

   $ (59,803 )   $ 442,884     $ (5,296 )   $ 437,588     $ (497,391 )
                                        
         (A )    

 

(A) Amount represents the carrying value of Fortress’s options in Northcastle. Upon the decision to liquidate Northcastle, these options were written off by Fortress. This write off was eliminated in consolidation but is retained on a deconsolidated basis.

Factors Affecting Our Business

During the periods discussed herein, the following are significant factors which have affected our business and materially impacted our results of operations:

 

   

changes in our AUM;

 

   

level of performance of our funds;

 

   

growth of our fund management and investment platform and our compensation structure to sustain that growth; and

 

   

the income tax expense as a result of our reorganization which occurred in 2007.

Fee Paying Assets Under Management

We measure AUM by reference to the fee paying assets we manage, including the capital we have the right to call from our investors due to their capital commitments. As a result of raising new private equity funds with sizeable capital commitments for our private equity funds, raising capital for our Castles, and increases in the NAVs of our hedge funds from new investor capital and their retained profits, our AUM has increased significantly over the periods discussed. Recently, lower performance in our funds coupled with redemptions in our liquid hedge funds have caused offsetting reductions in our AUM.

 

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Our AUM has changed over these periods as follows (in millions):

 

     Private Equity
Funds
    Castles     Liquid Hedge
Funds
    Hybrid Hedge
Funds
    Total  

2006

          

AUM January 1, 2006

   $ 3,635     $ 1,266     $ 3,180     $ 3,228     $ 11,309  

Capital raised (A)

     3,000       1,489       2,030       1,702       8,221  

Increase in invested capital

     2,240       —         —         —         2,240  

Redemptions

     —         —         (649 )     (84 )     (733 )

Return of capital distributions

     (917 )     —         —         (50 )     (967 )

Adjustment for reset date (C)

     (446 )     —         —         —         (446 )

Crystallized incentive income (D)

     —         —         (194 )     (73 )     (267 )

Income (loss) and foreign exchange (E)

     28       110       738       932       1,808  
                                        

AUM December 31, 2006

   $ 7,540     $ 2,865     $ 5,105     $ 5,655     $ 21,165  

2007

          

Capital raised (A)

     4,078       259       2,651       2,309       9,297  

Increase in invested capital

     4,222       —         —         —         4,222  

Redemptions

     —         —         (381 )     (53 )     (434 )

Return of capital distributions

     (893 )     —         —         (16 )     (909 )

Adjustment for reset date (C)

     (1,367 )     —         —         —         (1,367 )

Crystallized incentive income (D)

     —         —         (231 )     (134 )     (365 )

Income (loss) and foreign exchange (E)

     (302 )     204       984       435       1,321  
                                        

AUM December 31, 2007

   $ 13,278     $ 3,328     $ 8,128     $ 8,196     $ 32,930  

2008

          

Capital raised (A)

     912       —         2,827       1,385       5,124  

Increase in invested capital

     4,403       —         —         27       4,430  

Redemptions (B)

     —         —         (1,804 )     (471 )     (2,275 )

Return of capital distributions

     (880 )     (28 )     —         (13 )     (921 )

Adjustment for reset date (C)

     —         —         —         —         —    

Equity buyback (F)

     —         (31 )     —         —         (31 )

Crystallized incentive income (D)

     —         —         (15 )     (95 )     (110 )

Income (loss) and foreign exchange (E)

     (5,104 )     (87 )     (1,967 )     (2,535 )     (9,693 )
                                        

AUM December 31, 2008

   $ 12,609     $ 3,182     $ 7,169     $ 6,494     $ 29,454  
                                        

 

(A) Includes offerings of shares by the Castles.
(B) Excludes redemptions which reduced AUM subsequent to December 31, 2008. See “– Market Considerations” above.
(C) The reset date is the date on which a private equity fund stops paying management fees based on commitments and starts paying such fees based on invested capital, which therefore changes fee paying AUM.
(D) Represents the transfer of value from investors (fee paying) to Fortress (non-fee paying) related to realized hedge fund incentive income.
(E) Represents the change in fee-paying NAV resulting from realized and unrealized changes in the reported value of the fund.
(F) Represents the buyback of shares by Eurocastle.

Average Fee Paying AUM

Average fee paying AUM represents the reference amounts upon which our management fees are based. The reference amounts for management fee purposes are: (i) capital commitments or invested capital (or NAV, on an investment by investment basis, if lower) for the private equity funds, which in connection with funds raised after March 2006 includes the mark-to-market value on public securities held within the fund, (ii) contributed capital for the Castles, or (iii) the NAV for hedge funds.

Management Fees

Growth of our average AUM has a positive effect on our management fee revenues. As the AUM in our funds grew, so did the management fees we earned. Depending on the timing of capital contributions in a given period, the full economic benefits of an increase in AUM may not be recognized until the following period.

 

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Performance of Our Funds

The performance of our funds has been as follows:

 

          AUM    Returns (A)        
          December 31,    Inception to December 31,        

Name of Fund

   Inception
Date
   2008    2007    2006    2008     2007     2006        

Private Equity Funds

                    

Fund I

   Nov-99    $ 36    $ 58    $ 58    25.8 %   27.7 %   31.9 %  

Fund II

   Jul-02      328      143      361    35.0 %   48.1 %   73.7 %  

Fund III

   Sep-04      803      1,349      1,499    (16.2 )%   19.5 %   60.6 %  

Fund III Coinvestment

   Nov-04      112      208      208    (9.3 )%   21.5 %   63.2 %  

Fund IV

   Mar-06      1,893      2,647      3,000    (21.4 )%   (5.8 )%   (C )  

Fund IV Coinvestment

   Apr-06      441      677      226    (20.5 )%   2.1 %   (C )  

Fund V

   May-07      4,000      4,000      —      (C )   (C )   N/A    

Fund V Coinvestment

   Jul-07      878      252      —      (C )   (C )   N/A    

FRID

   Mar-05      260      860      731    (28.9 )%   0.6 %   (C )  

FECI

   Jul-07      532      520      —      (7.9 )%   (21.7 )%   N/A    

GAGACQ Fund

   Sep-04      —        —        207    4.4 %   41.2 %   82.0 %  

GAGACQ Coinvestment Fund

   Sep-04      9      25      82    15.8 %   43.2 %   95.6 %  

RIC Coinvestment Fund LP

   Jul-06      34      171      288    (47.0 )%   (12.4 )%   62.7 %  

FICO

   Aug-06      113      556      556    (64.6 )%   (7.8 )%   (0.9 )%  

FHIF

   Dec-06      772      1,031      —      (12.1 )%   0.1 %   N/A    

Long Dated Value Fund I

   Apr-05      193      190      199    (C )   (C )   (C )  

Long Dated Value Fund II

   Nov-05      207      201      125    (0.3 )%   (C )   (C )  

Long Dated Value Fund III

   Feb-07      115      125      —      (C )   (C )   N/A    

Long Dated Value Patent Fund

   Nov-07      16      40      —      (C )   (C )   N/A    

Real Assets Fund

   Jun-07      121      79      —      (C )   (C )   N/A    

Assets Overflow Fund

   Jul-08      90      —        —      (C )   N/A     N/A    

Credit Opportunities Fund

   Jan-08      1,235      —        —      (C )   N/A     N/A    
                         Returns (A)  
                         2008     2007     2006     Inception to
Date (B)
 

Other Private Equity Funds

                    

Mortgage Opportunities Funds I, II and III

   Apr-08      97      —        —      (C )   N/A     N/A     (C )

Castles

                    

Newcastle Investment Corp.

   Jun-98      1,165      1,193      943    N/A     (8.1 )%   14.9 %   N/A  

Eurocastle Investment Limited

   Oct-03      2,017      2,135      1,922    3.6 %   12.7 %   9.1 %   N/A  

Liquid Hedge Funds

                    

Drawbridge Global Macro Funds (D)

   Jul-02      6,087      8,104      5,052    (21.9 )%   12.7 %   17.1 %   8.1 %

Fortress Commodities Fund

   Jan-08      1,068      —        —      6.8 %   N/A     N/A     6.8 %

Drawbridge Relative Value Funds

   Feb-05      —        —        53    N/A     (5.3 )%   2.2 %   (1.1 )%

Hybrid Hedge Funds

                    

Drawbridge Special Opportunities Fund LP

   Aug-02      4,430      5,720      4,542    (26.4 )%   10.0 %   15.9 %   6.1 %

Drawbridge Special Opportunities Fund LTD

   Aug-02      446      714      659    (29.4 )%   11.5 %   15.4 %   5.2 %

Fortress Partners Fund LP

   Jul-06      858      1,152      364    (33.0 )%   9.3 %   11.8 %   (7.7 )%

Fortress Partners Offshore Fund LP

   Nov-06      672      555      74    (25.3 )%   7.5 %   2.4 %   (8.6 )%
                                

Subtotal - all funds

        29,028      32,705      21,149         

Managed accounts

        426      225      16         
                                

Total

      $ 29,454    $ 32,930    $ 21,165         
                                

 

(A) Represents the following:

For private equity funds, other than the Mortgage Opportunities Funds, returns represent net internal rates of return to limited partners after management fees and incentive allocations, and are computed on an inception to date basis consistent with industry standards. Incentive allocations are computed based on a hypothetical liquidation of net assets of each fund as of the balance sheet date. Returns are calculated for the investors as a whole. The computation of such returns for an individual investor may vary from these returns based on different management fee and incentive arrangements, and the timing of capital transactions.

For Castles, returns represent the return on invested equity (ROE) as reported by such entities. ROE is not reported on an inception to date basis. Newcastle’s 2008 ROE is not meaningful because Newcastle incurred a loss and had negative book equity.

For liquid and hybrid hedge funds, as well as Mortgage Opportunities Funds, returns represent net returns after taking into account any fees borne by the funds for a “new issue eligible,” single investor class as of the close of business on the last date of the relevant period. Specific performance may vary based on, among other things, whether fund investors are invested in one or more special investments.

 

(B) For liquid hedge funds, hybrid hedge funds and Mortgage Opportunities Funds, reflects a composite of monthly returns presented on an annualized net return basis.
(C) These funds were in their investment periods, or less than one year had elapsed from their inception, through the end of these years. In some cases, particularly the Mortgage Opportunities Funds, Fund V, Fund V Coinvestment and Credit Opportunities Fund, returns during these periods were significantly negative.
(D) AUM was reduced by $2.4 billion of redemptions on January 1, 2009.

 

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Incentive Income

Incentive income is calculated as a percentage of profits earned by the Fortress Funds. Incentive income that is not subject to contingent repayment is recorded as earned. Incentive income received from funds that continues to be subject to contingent repayment is deferred and recorded as a deferred incentive income liability until the related contingency is resolved. The contingencies related to a portion of the incentive income we have received from certain private equity Fortress Funds have been resolved.

Fund Management and Investment Platform

In order to accommodate the increasing demands of our funds’ growing investment portfolios, we have expanded our investment platforms, which are comprised primarily of our people, financial and operating systems and supporting infrastructure. Expansion of our investment platform required increases in headcount, consisting of newly hired investment professionals and support staff, as well as leases and associated improvements to corporate offices to house the increasing number of employees, and related augmentation of systems and infrastructure. Our headcount increased from 580 employees as of December 31, 2006 to 806 employees as of December 31, 2007 and then to 914 employees as of December 31, 2008. This resulted in increases in our compensation, office related and other personnel related expenses. In addition, in conjunction with and subsequent to our initial public offering, we have implemented an equity-based compensation plan described in Note 8 to Part II, Item 8, “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data - Equity-Based and Other Compensation” as a means to provide an additional financial incentive to retain our existing and future employees.

Income Tax Expense

Prior to January 17, 2007, we, as a partnership, generally had not been subject to U.S. federal income tax but certain of our subsidiaries had been subject to the New York City unincorporated business tax (“UBT”) on their U.S. earnings based on a statutory rate of 4%. One of our subsidiaries was subject to U.S. federal corporate income taxes. Certain of our subsidiaries are subject to income tax of the foreign countries in which they conduct business. In connection with the Nomura transaction and the initial public offering (see Note 1 to Part II, Item 8, “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data – Organization and Basis of Presentation”), our operating entities were reorganized and a portion of our income is now subject to U.S. federal and state corporate income tax. We have also entered into a tax receivable agreement with our Principals (see Note 6 to Part II, Item 8, “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data – Income Taxes and Tax Related Payments”).

The amount of income taxes that we may be required to pay could increase significantly if legislation introduced in Congress is passed in its proposed form. During June 2007, legislation was introduced in the U.S. Senate, which would tax us and other publicly traded partnerships as corporations, and similar legislation was introduced in the House. The proposed Senate legislation would not apply to us for five years, but the House legislation does not include any corresponding exemption period. As of today, no action has been taken on either bill. In addition, legislation has also been introduced in the House, and passed by the House Ways and Means Committee, that would have the effect of taxing income recognized from “carried interests” as ordinary income thereby effectively causing such income to be treated as nonqualifying income under the publicly traded partnership rules, which would preclude us qualifying for treatment as a partnership for U.S. federal income tax purposes. If any of this legislation is enacted in its current or similar form, we would incur a material increase in our tax liability. For more information on the proposed legislation, see Part I, Item 1A, “Risk Factors –Risks Related to Taxation – Legislation has been introduced that would, if enacted, preclude us from qualifying for treatment as a partnership for U.S. federal income tax purposes under the publicly traded partnership rules. Our structure also is subject to potential judicial or administrative change and differing interpretations, possibly on a retroactive basis.”

Although we are not aware of any issue that would cause the IRS to challenge a tax basis increase, our principals will not reimburse the corporate taxpayers for any payments that have been previously made under the tax receivable agreement if the tax savings claimed are later disallowed by the IRS. As a result, in certain circumstances, payments could be made to our principals under the tax receivable agreement in excess of the corporate taxpayers’ cash tax savings. The corporate taxpayers’ ability to achieve benefits from any tax basis increase, and the payments to be made under this agreement, will depend upon a number of factors, including the timing and amount of our future taxable income.

Revenues

 

     Year Ended December 31,    Variance
     2008    2007(A)    2006(A)    2008 / 2007     2007 /2006

Management fees from affiliates

   $ 593,007    $ 467,238    $ 319,004    $ 125,769     $ 148,234

Incentive income from affiliates

     56,588      654,574      325,515      (597,986 )     329,059

Other revenues

     82,205      66,695      12,700      15,510       53,995
                                   

Total Revenues

   $ 731,800    $ 1,188,507    $ 657,219    $ (456,707 )   $ 531,288
                                   

 

(A) Pro Forma results of our operations on a deconsolidated basis.

 

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Year Ended December 31, 2008 compared to the Year Ended December 31, 2007

For the year ended December 31, 2008 compared with the year ended December 31, 2007, total revenues changed as a result of the following:

Management fees from affiliates increased by $125.8 million primarily due to the net effect of increases in average AUM of $3.3 billion, $0.1 billion, $2.2 billion and $1.4 billion in our private equity funds, our Castles, our liquid hedge funds and our hybrid hedge funds, respectively. The combined increase to average AUM generated $113.7 million of additional management fees. In addition, management fees from affiliates increased by $10.1 million as a result of an increase in the average management fee percentage earned and by $2.0 million as a result of changes in foreign currency exchange rates.

Incentive income from affiliates decreased by $598.0 million as a result of $39.1 million of incentive income recognized from our private equity funds for the year ended December 31, 2008, as contingencies for repayment had been resolved in certain funds allowing income recognition, compared to $321.5 million of incentive income recognized from our private equity funds for the year ended December 31, 2007, which was no longer subject to contingencies. Furthermore, our liquid hedge funds, our Castles and our hybrid hedge funds contributed additional decreases of $180.8 million, $37.6 million and $97.2 million, respectively, in incentive income primarily due to lower returns.

Other revenues increased by $15.5 million primarily due to a $7.7 million increase in expense reimbursements from our funds, which are recorded gross on our statement of operations, a $12.1 million increase in incentive income from non-affiliates, dividend income of $1.7 million from our Castles (prior to the adoption of SFAS 159, dividend income was recorded as return of capital on investments), and a $0.4 million increase in management fees from non-affiliates, which were offset by a decrease in interest income of $6.4 million. Expense reimbursements increased primarily due to an increase in expenses related to an increase in average headcount needed to support the growth of the hybrid hedge funds, private equity funds and our Castles of $4.0 million, $0.8 million, and $1.0 million, respectively, and new private equity funds of $1.4 million. Incentive income from non-affiliates increased primarily due to a realization event in 2008 from a third party account we manage.

Year Ended December 31, 2007 compared to the Year Ended December 31, 2006

For the year ended December 31, 2007 compared with the year ended December 31, 2006, total revenues increased as a result of the following:

Management fees from affiliates increased by $148.2 million primarily due to the net effect of increases in average AUM of $4.0 billion, $1.1 billion, $2.6 billion and $2.8 billion in our private equity funds, our Castles, our liquid hedge funds and our hybrid hedge funds, respectively. The combined increase to average AUM generated $171.5 million of additional management fees. This increase was partially offset by a decrease of $29.5 million related to the receipt of options recorded as management fee income from the Castles.

Incentive income from affiliates increased by $329.1 million primarily as a result of $321.5 million of incentive income recognized from our private equity funds for the year ended December 31, 2007, as contingencies for repayment had been resolved in certain funds allowing income recognition, compared to $9.5 million of incentive income accrued for one of our private equity funds for the year ended December 31, 2006, which was no longer subject to contingencies. Furthermore, our liquid hedge funds contributed an additional increase of $43.6 million in incentive income primarily from growth of average capital eligible for incentive income, partially offset by a $38.2 million decrease from our hybrid hedge funds due to lower returns.

Other revenues increased by $54.0 million primarily due to $18.0 million of additional expense reimbursements from our funds, which are recorded gross on our statement of operations, interest income which increased by $11.1 million, and other miscellaneous items.

Expenses

 

     Year Ended December 31,    Variance  
     2008    2007 (A)    2006 (A)    2008 / 2007     2007 / 2006  

Interest expense

   $ 40,140    $ 34,313    $ 40,608    $ 5,827     $ (6,295 )

Compensation and benefits

     440,659      649,010      385,090      (208,351 )     263,920  

Principals agreement compensation

     954,685      852,956      —        101,729       852,956  

General, administrative and other (including depreciation and amortization)

     94,869      86,315      50,621      8,554       35,694  
                                     

Total Expenses

   $ 1,530,353    $ 1,622,594    $ 476,319    $ (92,241 )   $ 1,146,275  
                                     

 

(A) Pro Forma results of our operations on a deconsolidated basis.

 

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Year Ended December 31, 2008 compared to the Year Ended December 31, 2007

For the year ended December 31, 2008 compared with the year ended December 31, 2007, total expenses changed as a result of the following:

Interest expense increased by $5.8 million primarily due to (i) a net increase of $3.5 million due to higher average borrowings in 2008, offset by a decrease in average interest rates, and (ii) a net increase of $2.1 million in the amortization and write off of deferred financing costs.

Compensation and benefits decreased by $208.4 million primarily due to a decrease in profit sharing compensation of $252.1 million, offset by an increase due to growth in our employee population of $14.8 million, a $7.0 million discretionary bonus declared during the first quarter of 2008 to one senior employee, and an increase in equity based compensation of $22.0 million, primarily due to the 31 million FOG RPUs granted in April 2008 (see discussion below). Profit-sharing compensation decreased due largely to greater private equity realization events in 2007 than in 2008, and decreased profit from our liquid and hybrid hedge funds. Our average headcount for the year ended December 31, 2008 grew 23% compared to the year ended December 31, 2007.

Principals agreement compensation increased by $101.7 million because there was not a full year of amortization in 2007. In connection with the initial public offering in February 2007, the principals entered into an agreement among themselves, which provides that in the event a principal voluntarily terminates his employment with Fortress Operating Group for any reason prior to the fifth anniversary of the initial public offering, a portion of the equity interests held by that principal as of the completion of the initial public offering will be forfeited to the principals who remain employed by Fortress Operating Group. As a result of this service requirement, the fair value of Fortress Operating Group units subject to the risk of forfeiture of $4,763.0 million is being charged to compensation expense on a straight-line basis over the five-year vesting period. When Fortress records this non-cash expense, it records a corresponding increase in capital.

General, administrative and other expenses increased by $8.6 million, primarily as a result of a net increase of $6.5 million in office and administrative costs to support a larger workforce and increased infrastructure demands, an increase of $1.2 million in other general expenses related to being a public company and an increase of $0.9 million in professional fees and consulting fees.

Future Compensation Expense

In future periods, we will further recognize non-cash compensation expense on our non-vested equity-based awards of $479.2 million with a weighted average recognition period of 4.1 years. This does not include amounts related to the Principals Agreement, which is discussed above.

In April 2008, we granted 31 million Fortress Operating Group (“FOG”) restricted partnership units (“RPUs”) to a senior employee. In connection with the grant of these interests, the employee receives partnership distribution equivalent payments on such units with economic effect as from January 1, 2008. The interests will vest into full capital interests in FOG units in three equal portions on the first business day of 2011, 2012 and 2013, respectively, subject to continued employment with Fortress. In connection with this grant, we have reduced the employee’s profit sharing interests in various Fortress Funds.

Year Ended December 31, 2007 compared to the Year Ended December 31, 2006

For the year ended December 31, 2007 compared with the year ended December 31, 2006, total expenses changed as a result of the following:

Interest expense decreased by $6.3 million primarily due to a reduction in our weighted average interest rate from 7.92% for the year ended December 31, 2006 to 7.49% for the year ended December 31, 2007, decreasing interest expense by $4.0 million. Furthermore, our weighted average debt outstanding under Fortress Operating Group’s credit facility decreased from $468.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2006 to $422.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2007, decreasing interest expense by $3.4 million. This decrease was partially offset by an increase in unused commitment fees of $1.0 million related primarily to our undrawn delayed term loan issued in May 2007.

Compensation and benefits increased by $263.9 million primarily due to profit-sharing compensation, equity-based compensation and growth in our employee population of $49.3 million, $113.6 million and $63.5 million, respectively. Profit-sharing compensation increased due largely to significant private equity realization events in the first and second quarters of 2007 and increased profit from our liquid hedge funds. The increase in equity-based compensation to employees was primarily related to the restricted stock units and LTIP award as described in Note 8 to Part II, Item 8, “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data - Equity-Based and Other Compensation.” In addition, our average headcount for the year ended December 31, 2007 grew 44.4% compared to the year ended December 31, 2006. The remaining increase is due to increases in other miscellaneous items such as health benefits.

Principals agreement compensation was $853.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2007 for the reasons discussed above.

 

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General, administrative and other expenses increased by $35.7 million, primarily as a result of increased office and administrative costs needed to support a significantly larger workforce, increased infrastructure demands, and professional fees and consulting fees relating to our transition to becoming a public company.

Other Income (Loss)

 

     Year Ended December 31,    Variances  
     2008     2007 (A)     2006 (A)    2008 / 2007     2007 / 2006  

Gains (Losses) - other investments

   $ (58,305 )   $ (109,160 )   $ 179,174    $ 50,855     $ (288,334 )

Tax receivable agreement liability reduction

     55,115       —         —        55,115       —    

Earnings (losses) from equity method investees

     (304,180 )     (58,443 )     108,185      (245,737 )     (166,628 )
                                       

Total Other Income (Loss)

   $ (307,370 )   $ (167,603 )   $ 287,359    $ (139,767 )   $ (454,962 )
                                       

 

(A) Pro Forma results of our operations on a deconsolidated basis.

Year Ended December 31, 2008 compared to the Year Ended December 31, 2007

For the year ended December 31, 2008 compared with the year ended December 31, 2007, total other income (loss) changed as a result of the following:

Losses – other investments decreased by $50.9 million primarily due to the net effect of:

 

   

recognition of an unrealized loss of $16.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2008 on our options in our Castles as a result of a decline in the relative performance of the underlying stock price, as compared to the recognition of an unrealized loss of $109.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2007;

 

   

recognition of an unrealized loss of $36.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2008 attributable to a decline in the market value of our investments in the Castles. Our investments in the Castles are held at fair value as of January 1, 2008 pursuant to the provisions of SFAS 159; and

 

   

recognition of an unrealized loss of $3.2 million attributable to our guarantee of the maximum potential clawback in one of our private equity Fortress Funds which was reorganized in November 2008.

As described below, in connection with the establishment of a valuation allowance for a portion of the deferred tax asset, we have recorded other income of $55.1 million arising from a reduction in the tax receivable agreement liability.

Earnings (losses) from equity method investees decreased by $245.7 million primarily due to the net effect of (i) the recognition of a $304.2 million net loss from equity method investees in 2008 as a result of a loss attributable to investments in our private equity funds, our Castles, our liquid hedge funds and our hybrid hedge funds, compared to (ii) the recognition of a $58.4 million loss on our equity method investments for the year ended December 31, 2007. The overall decrease was primarily a result of diminished returns within the funds.

Year Ended December 31, 2007 compared to the Year Ended December 31, 2006

For the year ended December 31, 2007 compared with the year ended December 31, 2006, total other income decreased as a result of the following:

Gains (losses) – other investments decreased by $288.3 million primarily due to the net effect of:

 

   

in 2007 we recognized an unrealized loss of $109.6 million on our options in one of our Castles as a result of a decline in the relative performance of the underlying stock price as compared to the recognition of an unrealized gain of $85.8 million in 2006;

 

   

in 2007 we recognized $2.9 million in gains from our deferred fee arrangements as compared to $101.7 million in gains in 2006. These deferred fee arrangements were terminated prior to our initial public offering;

 

   

in 2007 we recognized a $3.6 million write down of our Newcastle options; and

 

   

in 2006 we recognized a $5.9 million write-off of our Northcastle options.

Earnings (losses) from equity method investees decreased by $166.6 million primarily due to the net effect of (i) the recognition of a $58.4 million net loss from equity method investees in 2007 as a result of a $92.6 million loss attributed to investments in our private equity funds offset by our share of income from investments in our hedge funds and other investments of $34.2 million compared to (ii) the recognition of $108.2 million in earnings on our equity method investments in 2006.

Income Tax Benefit (Expense)

Fortress has recorded a significant deferred tax asset, primarily in connection with the Nomura Transaction and IPO. A substantial portion of this asset is offset by a liability associated with the tax receivable agreement with our Principals. For the year ended December 31, 2008, we have recorded income tax expense of $115.2 million primarily attributable to the establishment of a valuation allowance for a portion of this deferred tax asset resulting in a $95.9 million charge to income tax expense. In addition, the establishment of the valuation allowance resulted in a reduction of the obligation

 

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associated with the tax receivable agreement and a corresponding reduction of the deferred tax asset of $20.8 million. This deferred tax asset is further discussed under “– Critical Accounting Policies” below.

For the year ended December 31, 2007, Fortress recorded an income tax benefit of $5.6 million. This tax benefit was primarily attributable to certain expenses recorded in our financial statements which are not currently deductible for income tax purposes. For the year ended December 31, 2006, Fortress recognized income tax expense of $12.5 million. Given our partnership structure prior to our reorganization in January 2007 (see Note 1 to Part II, Item 8, “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data—Organization and Basis of Presentation”), our 2006 tax expense primarily arose from the New York City unincorporated business tax at a statutory rate of 4%.

Segment Analysis

Fortress conducts its management and investment business through the following five primary segments: (i) private equity funds, (ii) Castles, (iii) liquid hedge funds, (iv) hybrid hedge funds, and (v) principal investments in these funds as well as cash that is available to be invested. These segments are differentiated based on their varying investment strategies. Due to the increased significance of the principal investments segment, it has been disaggregated from the other segments in this period and for all periods presented.

Discussed below are our results of operations for each of our reportable segments. They represent the separate segment information available and utilized by our management committee, which consists of our principals and certain key officers, and which functions as our chief operating decision maker to assess performance and to allocate resources. Management evaluates the performance of each segment based on its distributable earnings.

As segment revenues reflected in our distributable earnings are presented on an unconsolidated basis, management fee and incentive income are reflected on a gross basis prior to elimination as required in consolidation. As a result of this presentation, management fees and incentive income are greater than those reflected on a consolidated GAAP basis for periods prior to the deconsolidation on March 31, 2007. Other items within distributable earnings are less than the related amounts on a GAAP basis for these periods, as they do not include the effects of consolidating the Fortress Funds.

As mentioned above, results of operations for each of our segments are reflected on an unconsolidated basis, even for periods prior to the deconsolidation. Management also assesses our segments on a Fortress Operating Group and pre-tax basis, and therefore adds back the non-controlling interests in consolidated subsidiaries related to Fortress Operating Group units (held by the principals) and income tax expense.

Distributable earnings is defined in Note 11 to Part II, Item 8, “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data – Segment Reporting.” Furthermore, a complete discussion of distributable earnings basis impairment and reserves, including the methodology used in estimating the amounts as well as the amounts incurred in the relevant periods, is disclosed therein.

Private Equity Funds

 

     Year Ended December 31,    Variance
     2008     2007    2006    2008 / 2007     2007 / 2006

Management Fees

   $ 178,191     $ 131,939    $ 84,279    $ 46,252     $ 47,660

Incentive Income

     (94,307 )     275,254      129,800      (369,561 )     145,454
                                    

Segment revenues - total

   $ 83,884     $ 407,193    $ 214,079    $ (323,309 )   $ 193,114
                                    

Pre-tax distributable earnings

   $ 68,375     $ 271,014    $ 149,625    $ (202,639 )   $ 121,389
                                    

Year Ended December 31, 2008 compared to Year Ended December 31, 2007

Pre-tax distributable earnings decreased by $202.6 million primarily due to:

 

   

a $46.3 million increase in management fees. Management fees increased primarily due to (i) $42.6 million of management fees generated by the creation of new private equity funds during 2007 and 2008, most notably Fund V, Fund V Coinvestment, FECI, Mortgage Opportunities Fund I, Mortgage Opportunities Fund II, Mortgage Opportunities Fund III, Credit Opportunities Fund, Real Assets Fund and Assets Overflow Fund, and (ii) an increase of $11.6 million related to an increase in average AUM from Fund IV, Fund IV Coinvestment, Long Dated Value Fund II, Long Dated Value Fund III, and FHIF. These increases to management fees were partially offset by a decrease of $4.8 million in management fees collected from Fund II, Fund III, and FRID as a result of distributions to investors (which reduces AUM) during 2007 and a decrease of $3.1 million from Fund IV, as a consequence of the creation of Fund V in May 2007 (which caused the management fees from Fund IV to be based on invested capital rather than capital commitments);

 

   

a $239.1 million net decrease in incentive income. Incentive income decreased by $369.6 million partially offset by a corresponding decrease in the employees’ share of incentive income of $130.5 million reflected as profit sharing compensation expense. The decrease of $369.6 million in incentive income was primarily attributable to a

 

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decline in the results of realization events of our private equity funds of $247.8 million, and a reserve for the potential clawback of incentive income to FRID, Fund II and Fund III of $123.5 million, offset by an increase of $2.7 million in incentive income due to higher FFO in excess of certain performance hurdles generated by NIH; and

 

   

an $8.7 million increase in operating expenses primarily related to an increase in average headcount.

Year Ended December 31, 2007 compared to Year Ended December 31, 2006

Pre-tax distributable earnings increased by $121.4 million mainly due to:

 

   

a $47.7 million increase in management fees. Management fees increased mainly due to (i) $46.9 million of management fees generated by the creation of new private equity funds, most notably Fund V and FHIF, (ii) increases in AUM from Fund IV Coinvestment Fund (“Fund IV Co”) and FICO which resulted in an increase in management fees of $5.9 million and $6.1 million, respectively, and (iii) an increase of $1.8 million as a consequence of management fees being charged for a full year for RIC Coinvestment Fund (“FRIC”) which was formed during 2006. These increases to management fees were partially offset by a decrease of $6.9 million in management fees collected from Fund II as a result of distributions to investors (which reduces AUM), a decrease of $3.2 million from Fund III as a consequence of the creation of Fund IV in March 2006 (which caused the management fees from Fund III to be based on invested capital rather than capital commitments), and decreases of $1.4 million and $1.6 million from Fund IV and Fund IV Co, respectively, as a consequence of the creation of Fund V in May 2007 (which caused the management fees from Fund IV and Fund IV Co to be based on invested capital rather than capital commitments);

 

   

a $93.2 million net increase in incentive income. Incentive income grew by $145.5 million partially offset by a corresponding increase in the employees’ share of incentive income of $52.3 million reflected as profit sharing compensation expense. The increase of $145.5 million of incentive income was the result of proceeds distributed in relation to realization events by our private equity funds’ investments in a residential housing company and Crown Castle International during the year ended December 31, 2007, net of proceeds distributed from realization events by our private equity funds’ investments in Brookdale that occurred during the year ended December 31, 2006;

 

   

a $20.9 million increase in operating expenses mainly generated by an increase in average headcount.

Publicly Traded Alternative Investment Vehicles (“Castles”)

 

     Year Ended December 31,    Variance
     2008    2007    2006    2008 /2007     2007 /2006

Management Fees

   $ 54,102    $ 49,661    $ 32,544    $ 4,441     $ 17,117

Incentive Income

     12      39,490      15,682      (39,478 )     23,808
                                   

Segment revenues - total

   $ 54,114    $ 89,151    $ 48,226    $ (35,037 )   $ 40,925
                                   

Pre-tax distributable earnings

   $ 15,409    $ 44,223    $ 4,898    $ (28,814 )   $ 39,325
                                   

Year Ended December 31, 2008 compared to Year Ended December 31, 2007

Pre-tax distributable earnings decreased by $28.8 million primarily due to:

 

   

a $4.2 million net increase in management fees. Management fees increased primarily due to (i) $0.6 million as a result of the growth of average AUM, (ii) a $1.8 million increase in management fees from non-affiliates and (iii) $2.0 million as a result of changes in foreign currency exchange rates. These increases to management fees were partially offset by an increase in the employees’ share of management fees of $0.2 million;

 

   

a $30.0 million net decrease in incentive income. Incentive income decreased by $39.5 million which was offset by a decrease in the employees’ share of incentive income of $9.5 million reflected as profit sharing compensation expense. The decrease of $39.5 million was primarily due to the recognition of incentive income generated by Newcastle and Eurocastle as a result of FFO exceeding certain performance hurdles for the year ended December 31, 2007. For the year ended December 31, 2008, Newcastle’s and Eurocastle’s FFO did not exceed these performance hurdles so no incentive income was generated; and

 

   

a $3.0 million net increase in operating expenses primarily due to increases in general and administrative and other expenses.

Year Ended December 31, 2007 compared to Year Ended December 31, 2006

Pre-tax distributable earnings increased by $39.3 million primarily due to:

 

   

a $15.5 million net increase in management fees. Management fees increased by $17.1 million primarily as a result of the growth of average AUM. The $17.1 million increase was partially offset by a $1.6 million increase in the employees’ share of operating income, reflected as profit sharing compensation expense;

 

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a $22.7 million net increase in incentive income. Incentive income increased by $23.8 million offset by an increase in the employees’ share of incentive income of $1.1 million reflected as profit sharing compensation expense. The increase of $23.8 million was primarily due to (i) an increase of $15.6 million in incentive income due to higher FFO in excess of certain performance hurdles, generated by Eurocastle, (ii) increased equity eligible for incentive, which resulted in a $6.0 million increase in incentive income, and (iii) $1.9 million of additional incentive compensation resulting from the sale of shares received upon the exercise of options held in Eurocastle.

 

   

a $1.1 million net decrease in operating expenses primarily due to the liquidation of Northcastle in 2006.

Liquid Hedge Funds

 

     Year Ended December 31,    Variance
     2008    2007    2006    2008 / 2007     2007 /2006

Management Fees

   $ 217,575    $ 158,882    $ 92,746    $ 58,693     $ 66,136

Incentive Income

     17,658      199,283      154,068      (181,625 )     45,215
                                   

Segment revenues - total

   $ 235,233    $ 358,165    $ 246,814    $ (122,932 )   $ 111,351
                                   

Pre-tax distributable earnings

   $ 96,063    $ 159,296    $ 101,098    $ (63,233 )   $ 58,198
                                   

Year Ended December 31, 2008 compared to Year Ended December 31, 2007

Pre-tax distributable earnings decreased by $63.2 million primarily due to:

 

   

a $63.6 million net increase in management fees. Management fees increased by $58.7 million and the employees’ share of management fees decreased by $4.9 million (due to a reduction in the employees’ percentage share of such fees). The $58.7 million increase was primarily a result of the growth in average AUM, an increase in the average management fee percentage earned, and management fees generated by the formation of the new Commodities Fund, which generated $32.0 million, $11.2 million and $16.5 million of additional management fees, respectively, partially offset by a decrease in management fees from non-affiliates of $1.0 million;

 

   

a $106.4 million net decrease in incentive income. Incentive income decreased by $181.6 million partially offset by a corresponding decrease in the employees’ share of incentive income of $75.2 million, reflected as profit sharing compensation expense. The $181.6 million decrease in incentive income is primarily attributable to a decrease of $198.9 million due to lower returns in our liquid hedge funds, offset by an increase in incentive income generated by realization events from special investments and the new Commodities Fund of $2.1 million and $15.2 million, respectively; and

 

   

a $20.5 million increase in operating expenses primarily due to an increase in average headcount.

Year Ended December 31, 2007 compared to Year Ended December 31, 2006

Pre-tax distributable earnings increased by $58.2 million mainly due to:

 

   

a $57.4 million net increase in management fees. Management fees increased by $66.1 million partially offset by a corresponding increase in the employees’ share of management fees of $8.7 million. The $66.1 million increase was primarily a result of the growth in average AUM and an increase in the average management fee percentage earned, which drove $54.1 million and $13.8 million of additional management fees, respectively, partially offset by a decrease in non-affiliated management fees of $1.8 million;

 

   

a $34.2 million net increase to incentive income. Incentive income increased by $45.2 million partially offset by a corresponding increase in the employees’ share of incentive income of $11.0 million, reflected as profit sharing compensation expense. The $45.2 million increase in incentive income is primarily attributable to an increase in average capital eligible for incentive income, which contributed an increase of $96.6 million, offset by lower returns of $53.1 million; and

 

   

a $33.4 million increase in operating expenses mainly due to an increase in average headcount.

Hybrid Hedge Funds

 

     Year Ended December 31,    Variance  
     2008    2007    2006    2008 /2007     2007 /2006  

Management Fees

   $ 147,823    $ 129,516    $ 84,536    $ 18,307     $ 44,980  

Incentive Income

     13,609      97,465      135,939      (83,856 )     (38,474 )
                                     

Segment revenues - total

   $ 161,432    $ 226,981    $ 220,475    $ (65,549 )   $ 6,506  
                                     

Pre-tax distributable earnings

   $ 37,548    $ 59,137    $ 70,045    $ (21,589 )   $ (10,908 )
                                     

 

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Year Ended December 31, 2008 compared to Year Ended December 31, 2007

Pre-tax distributable earnings decreased by $21.6 million primarily due to:

 

   

a $14.6 million net increase in management fees. Management fees increased by $18.3 million partially offset by a corresponding increase in the employees’ share of management fees of $3.7 million. The $18.3 million increase in management fees was primarily a result of growth in average AUM, which resulted in a $19.2 million increase, offset by a decrease of $0.7 million due to a decrease in the average management fee percentage earned, and a $0.2 million decrease in management fees from third party accounts we manage;

 

   

a $44.8 million net decrease in incentive income. Incentive income decreased by $83.9 million and the employees’ share of incentive income, reflected as profit sharing compensation expense, decreased by $39.0 million. The $83.9 million decrease in incentive income was primarily attributable to a decline in the returns of our hybrid hedge funds which generated a decrease of $102.7 million, partially offset by an increase of $5.8 million due to the change in the average capital eligible for incentive income and a $13.1 million realization event in 2008 from a third party account we manage; and

 

   

an $8.6 million decrease in operating expenses primarily related to a decrease in discretionary bonuses, offset by an increase in other expenses based on increased average headcount.

Year Ended December 31, 2007 compared to Year Ended December 31, 2006

Pre-tax distributable earnings decreased by $10.9 million mainly due to:

 

   

a $45.0 million increase in management fees. The increase in management fees was mainly a result of growth in average capital eligible for incentive income, which drove a $47.7 million increase.

 

   

an $8.0 million net decrease in incentive income. Incentive income decreased by $38.5 million and the employees’ share of incentive income, reflected as profit sharing compensation expense, decreased by $30.5 million. The $38.5 million decrease in incentive income was mainly attributable to a decline in the return of our hybrid hedge funds, including special investments, which generated a decrease of $98.2 million, partially offset by an increase of $58.2 million due to the change in the average capital eligible for incentive income; and

 

   

a $47.9 million increase in operating expenses primarily related to an increase in average headcount.

Principal Investments

 

     Year Ended December 31,    Variance  
     2008     2007    2006    2008 / 2007     2007 /2006  

Pre-tax distributable earnings (loss)

   $ (379,032 )   $ 27,026    $ 85,707    $ (406,058 )   $ (58,681 )
                                      

Year Ended December 31, 2008 compared to Year Ended December 31, 2007

Pre-tax distributable earnings decreased by $406.1 million primarily due to:

 

   

Private Equity funds: a $248.4 million decrease in net investment income primarily as a result of a $237.9 million impairment on our investments in our private equity funds recognized in 2008 as compared to $10.9 million of realized gains (representing our share) primarily from an investment in a residential housing company during 2007;

 

   

Castles: a $29.2 million decrease in net investment income primarily as a result of a $28.5 million impairment on our shares held in Newcastle and Eurocastle during 2008, and a decrease of $3.0 million in the dividend income received on our shares held in Eurocastle and Newcastle, offset by a foreign currency hedge loss in the amount of $2.3 million recognized during the year ended December 30, 2007;

 

   

Liquid hedge funds: a $12.8 million decrease in net investment income primarily as a result of (i) $12.7 million attributable to lower returns in 2008, (ii) recognition of a $0.6 million impairment on our investments in special investments in 2008, (iii) the distribution of previously earned fees which had generated $2.0 million of income for the year ended December 31, 2007, and (iv) a net decrease in other miscellaneous items of $1.3 million. This was partially offset by an increase of $3.8 million due to the increase in our average investment balance;

 

   

Hybrid hedge funds: a $100.5 million decrease in net investment income of which $77.9 million was due to a decline in returns including special investments, $10.0 million was due to the decrease in our average investment balance and $19.4 million was due to recognition of an impairment on our investments including special investments, in 2008. This was partially offset by a net increase of $6.7 million due to other miscellaneous items; and

 

   

Expenses and other: a $15.1 million decrease in net investment income primarily due to (i) a $5.7 million decrease in interest income as a result of lower interest rates and lower average cash balances, (ii) a net increase of $5.6 million in interest expense due to higher average borrowings in 2008 and an increase in amortization of deferred financing costs, offset by a decrease in average interest rates, and (iii) $3.8 million of loss related to a foreign currency translation loss during the year ended December 31, 2008.

 

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Year Ended December 31, 2007 compared to Year Ended December 31, 2006

Pre-tax distributable earnings decreased $58.7 million primarily due to:

 

   

a $6.0 million increase in net investment income from private equity funds primarily as a result of our share in the realized gains from the private equity funds’ investment in a residential housing company during the year ended December 31, 2007, net of the gains related to Brookdale during the year ended December 31, 2006;

 

   

a $0.2 million increase in net investment income from Castles primarily due to an increase of $0.3 million in the dividend income received on our shares held in Eurocastle and Newcastle;

 

   

a $77.5 million decrease in net investment income from liquid hedge funds. This decline is mainly attributable to the distribution of previously earned fees which had generated $79.0 million of income for the year ended December 31, 2006, compared to $2.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2007; and

 

   

a $6.7 million decrease in net investment income from hybrid hedge funds. This decrease was mainly due to lower returns of $9.5 million, as well as a $13.7 million decrease in income from the distribution of previously earned fees. These decreases were partially offset by an increase of $19.9 million due to the change in average investment balance.

 

   

Expenses and other: a $19.4 million decrease in net investment income primarily due to (i) a $10.6 million increase in interest income, primarily as a result of interest earned on cash, in part cash received from our initial public offering, (ii) a $6.3 million decrease in interest expense mainly driven by a decrease to the weighted average interest rate from 7.92% for the year ended December 31, 2006 to 7.49% for the year ended December 31, 2007, as well as a decrease in the average debt outstanding from $468.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2006 to $422.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2007 and (iii) a $2.8 million increase in income related to foreign currency translation during the year ended December 31, 2007.

Unallocated

 

     Year Ended December 31,     Variance
     2008     2007     2006     2008 / 2007    2007 / 2006

Pre-tax distributable earnings (loss)

   $ (548 )   $ (9,196 )   $ (14,450 )   $ 8,648    $ 5,254
                                     

Year Ended December 31, 2008 compared to Year Ended December 31, 2007

Pre-tax distributable loss decreased by $8.6 million. The decrease in loss is due to a decrease in corporate expenses and professional fees that were incurred in 2007 in relation to the demands of being a new public company.

Year Ended December 31, 2007 compared to Year Ended December 31, 2006

Pre-tax distributable loss decreased by $5.3 million. The decrease in loss is due to a decrease in the amount of operating expenses that were not allocable to our funds.

Sensitivity

For an analysis of the sensitivity of segment revenues to changes in the estimated fair value of the Fortress Fund investments, see Part II, Item 7A, “Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk.”

Liquidity and Capital Resources

Liquidity is a measurement of our ability to meet potential cash requirements, including ongoing commitments to repay borrowings, fund and maintain investments, including our capital commitments to our funds, pay compensation, and satisfy our other general business needs including our obligation to pay U.S. federal income tax. In addition, we may require cash to make distributions. Our primary sources of funds for liquidity consist of cash flows provided by operating activities, primarily the management fees and incentive income paid to us from the Fortress Funds, borrowings under loans, and the potential issuance of debt and equity securities, as well as the investment returns on our principal investments in these funds. Our primary uses of liquidity include operating expenses (which include compensation, rent and interest, among others), working capital expenses, amortization payments under our credit agreement, capital commitments to our funds and tax and tax-related payments.

The receipt of management fees generally occurs on a fixed and fairly predictable schedule, subject to changes in the NAV of the Fortress Funds (due to performance or capital transactions). From time to time, we may elect, in our discretion, to defer the receipt of management or other fees, to which we are legally entitled, in order to optimize the operations of the underlying managed funds. The timing of receipt of cash flows from other operating activities is in large part dependent on the timing of distributions from our private equity funds, which are subject to restrictions and to

 

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management’s judgment regarding the optimal timing of the monetization of underlying investments, as well as dates specified in our hedge funds’ operating documents, which outline the determination and payment of our incentive income, if any. The timing of capital requirements to cover fund commitments is subject to management’s judgment regarding the acquisition of new investments by the funds, as well as the ongoing liquidity requirements of the respective funds. The timing of capital requirements and the availability of liquidity from operating activities may not always coincide, and we may make short-term, lower-yielding investments with excess liquidity or fund shortfalls with short-term debt or other sources of capital.

We expect that our cash on hand and our cash flows from operating activities, capital receipts from balance sheet investments and available financing will be sufficient to satisfy our liquidity needs with respect to expected current commitments relating to investments and with respect to our debt obligations over the next twelve months. We estimate that our expected management fee receipts over the next twelve months, a portion of which may be deferred, will be sufficient (along with our cash on hand of $263.3 million and expected capital receipts from our balance sheet investments) to meet our operating expenses (including compensation and lease obligations), required debt amortization payments, and fund capital commitments, in each case expected to be funded during the next twelve months (see obligation tables below). These uses of cash would not (barring changes in other relevant variables) cause us to violate any of our debt covenants. We believe that the compensation we will be able to pay from these available sources will be sufficient to retain key employees and maintain an effective workforce. We may elect, if we deem it appropriate, to defer certain payments due to our principals and affiliates or raise capital to enable us to satisfy the amortization payments required under our credit agreement, which amortization payments we increased in connection with the amendment to our credit agreement discussed below under “–Debt Obligations”.

We expect to meet our long-term liquidity requirements, including the repayment of our debt obligations and any new commitments or increases in our existing commitments relating to principal investments, through the generation of operating income (including management fees, a portion of which may be deferred), capital receipts from balance sheet investments and, potentially, additional borrowings and equity offerings. As discussed above, we believe that we will generate adequate operating cash flows to service our periodic debt payments, which will result in a gradual reduction in our debt level. Our ability to execute our business strategy, particularly our ability to form new funds and increase our AUM, depends on our ability to raise additional investor capital within our funds and on our ability to monetize our balance sheet investments, each of which is more challenging given current market conditions. Furthermore, strategic initiatives and the ability to make principal investments in funds may be dependent on our ability to raise capital at the Fortress level. Decisions by counterparties to enter into transactions with us will depend upon a number of factors, such as our historical and projected financial performance and condition, compliance with the terms of our current credit arrangements, industry and market trends and performance, the availability of capital and our counterparties’ policies and rates applicable thereto, the rates at which we are willing to borrow, and the relative attractiveness of alternative investment or lending opportunities. Furthermore, given the current, depressed level of the market price of our Class A shares as well as the illiquidity in the credit market (as described above under “– Market Considerations), raising equity capital could be highly dilutive to our current shareholders and issuing debt obligations could result in significant increases to operating costs, if either were achieved in this market. The level of our share price also limits our ability to use our equity as currency in the potential acquisition of businesses, other companies or assets.

On February 8, 2007, we completed an initial public offering of 39,428,900 of our Class A shares. We contributed the net proceeds from the offering to Fortress Operating Group in exchange for 39,428,900 limited partnership units. We are a publicly traded partnership and have established a wholly owned corporate subsidiary (“FIG Corp.”). Accordingly, a substantial portion of our income earned by the corporate subsidiary is subject to U.S. federal income taxation and taxed at prevailing rates. The remainder of our income is allocated directly to our shareholders and is not subject to any corporate level of taxation.

As of December 31, 2008, our material cash commitments and contractual cash requirements were related to our capital commitments to our funds, lease obligations and debt obligations. Our potential liability for the contingent repayment of incentive income is discussed under “– Contractual Obligations” below.

Capital Commitments

We determine whether to make capital commitments to our private equity funds in excess of the minimum required amounts based on a variety of factors, including estimates regarding our liquidity over the estimated time period during which commitments will have to be funded, estimates regarding the amounts of capital that may be appropriate for other funds which we are in the process of raising or are considering raising, and our general working capital requirements.

We generally fund our principal investments in the Fortress Funds with cash, either from working capital or borrowings, and not with carried interest. We do not hold any principal investments in the funds other than through the Fortress

Operating Group entities. Our principals do not own any portion of the carried interest in any fund personally. Accordingly, their personal investments in the funds are funded directly with cash.

 

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Our capital commitments to our funds with outstanding commitments as of December 31, 2008 consisted of the following (in thousands):

 

Private Equity Funds

   Outstanding
Commitment

Fund I

   $ 12

Fund II

     566

Fund III Coinvestment

     2

Fund IV

     4,053

Fund IV Coinvestment

     3

Fund V

     59,693

Fund V Coinvestment

     7

Fund VI

     15,000

FTS SIP L.P.

     730

FRID

     795

FHIF

     11,446

FECI

     1,551

Long Dated Value Fund I

     735

Long Dated Value Fund II

     2,081

Long Dated Value Fund III

     453

Real Assets Fund

     33,846

Karols Development Co

     5,433

Credit Opportunities Fund

     4,512

Assets Overflow Fund

     19
      

Total

   $ 140,937
      

Lease Obligations

Minimum future rental payments under our operating leases are as follows (in thousands):

 

2009

   $ 18,667

2010

     21,482

2011

     11,747

2012

     10,818

2013

     10,608

Thereafter

     32,159
      

Total

   $ 105,481
      

Debt Obligations

As of December 31, 2008, our debt obligations consisted of the amounts outstanding under our credit agreement, as described below.

In 2002, we borrowed $2.9 million collateralized by our interest in an aircraft (the “aircraft loan”). This loan bore interest at LIBOR plus 2.25%. We had hedged our exposure to the risk of changes in market interest rates with respect to this loan by entering into an interest rate swap, which fixed the effective interest rate on this loan at approximately 6.80% through maturity. In June 2007, we repaid all amounts outstanding under the aircraft loan and terminated the related interest rate swap.

In June 2006, we entered into a $750 million credit agreement (the “2006 Credit Agreement”). Borrowings under the 2006 Credit Agreement bore interest at LIBOR plus 2.00%, with the agreement being subject to unused commitment fees of 0.375% per annum. The purpose of the 2006 Credit Agreement was to refinance a prior credit agreement, to make funds available for investments in the various existing and new Fortress Funds, and to make a one-time $250 million distribution of capital to our principals.

As a result of our initial public offering, we became subject to a reduced unused commitment fee of 0.25% and a letter of credit fee of 1.50% and borrowings under the 2006 Credit Agreement accrued interest at a rate equal to (i) with respect to LIBOR loans, LIBOR plus 1.50% and (ii) with respect to base rate loans, the base rate, as defined in the credit agreement, plus 0.50%. $250 million of the term loan and $85 million of the revolving credit facility under the 2006 Credit Agreement were repaid with proceeds received from our initial public offering. In connection with the partial paydown of the existing credit facility, deferred loan costs of $2.0 million were written off to interest expense in February 2007.

In May 2007, we entered into a new $1 billion credit agreement (as amended, the “2007 Credit Agreement” or “our credit agreement”) in order to refinance the 2006 Credit Agreement described above, reduce the amount of interest and

 

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other fees payable under our credit facilities and increase the amount of funds available for investments. The credit facilities available under the 2007 Credit Agreement include a $200 million revolving credit facility (including a $25 million letter of credit subfacility) and an $800 million term loan facility. Borrowings and letters of credit issued under the 2007 Credit Agreement bore interest at a rate equal to (i) with respect to LIBOR loans, LIBOR plus 1.20%, or (ii) with respect to base rate loans, the base rate, as defined in the agreement, plus 0.20%. On February 1, 2008, the rate on LIBOR loans was reduced to LIBOR + 0.65% pursuant to the terms of the agreement. In addition, we were required to pay a commitment fee of 0.20% per annum on the unused portion of amounts available under our revolving credit facility.

On April 17, 2008, we entered into an amendment to the 2007 Credit Agreement. The amendment, among other things, (i) permits us to issue an unlimited amount of subordinated indebtedness with specified terms so long as 40% of the net proceeds are used to repay amounts outstanding under the 2007 Credit Agreement, (ii) increased the applicable rate on Eurodollar loans and letters of credit by 20 basis points (making the current rate LIBOR plus 0.85%) and the undrawn commitment fee by 5 basis points (making the current fee 0.25%), (iii) added an amortization schedule requiring us to repay $100 million of amounts outstanding under the agreement each year during the next three years (with the first payment due on January 15, 2009), (iv) modified the financial covenants by (a) replacing the EBITDA-based financial covenant with a Consolidated Leverage Ratio covenant, (b) increasing the minimum amount of management fee earning assets by $3 billion to $21.5 billion (which minimum amount increases annually by $500 million) and (c) eliminating the annual $50 million increase in required minimum investment assets, and (v) revised various definitions and clarified terms with respect to swap providers who are lenders under the agreement. In addition, on May 29, 2008, we entered into an amendment of our credit agreement to change from a co-borrower structure to a single borrower structure.

On November 12, 2008, we entered into an additional amendment to the 2007 Credit Agreement. The amendment, among other things: (i) modified the definition of EBITDA, which is used to calculate our Consolidated Leverage Ratio, to exclude any realized or unrealized gains and losses on investments and to reflect private equity incentive income clawbacks on a cash basis; (ii) modified the financial covenants by (a) reducing the amount of required investment assets to $975 million (less any future term loan repayments) and (b) changing the required Consolidated Leverage Ratios for the quarters ending June 30 and September 30, 2009 from 2.5 to 1.0 to 2.75 to 1.0; (iii) increased the rate on LIBOR loans to LIBOR + 2.00% (and Base Rate loans to the prime rate + 1.00%) – this rate is no longer subject to change pursuant to a ratings-based pricing grid; (iv) established the commitment fee for the unused portion of the revolving credit facility at 0.25% – this rate is also no longer subject to change pursuant to a ratings-based pricing grid; (v) reduced the revolving credit facility commitments to $125 million; (vi) established a requirement that outstanding term loans be prepaid with 25% of the amount by which EBITDA for any twelve-month period exceeds $370 million (unless and until the amount of outstanding term loans equals or is less than $250 million); (vii) required $50 million of additional term loan repayments ($25 million in July of 2009 and 2010); (viii) established a requirement that the borrower cash collateralize the letter of credit obligations of distressed lenders under certain circumstances, including lender non-funding or bankruptcy; and (ix) established an event of default under certain circumstances if the borrower, any guarantor or certain of their subsidiaries are required to make incentive income clawback payments in excess of $20 million during any calendar year. In connection with the amendment, we prepaid $75 million of the outstanding term loans.

On March 12 and March 13, 2009, we entered into additional amendments to the 2007 Credit Agreement. The amendments, among other things: (i) modified the financial covenants by (a) amending the amount of required management fee earning assets to $22 billion as of the end of each fiscal quarter through December 31, 2009 and $20 billion as of the end of each fiscal quarter thereafter; (b) reducing the amount of investment assets required as of any point in time to an amount equal to the term loans and revolving loans (including outstanding letters of credit) then outstanding; (c) changing the required Consolidated Leverage Ratio to 3.5 to 1.0 for the remainder of the term of the credit agreement; (ii) increased the rate on LIBOR loans to LIBOR + 2.50 (and Base Rate loans to the prime rate plus 1.50%); (iii) reduced the revolving credit facility commitments to $75 million; (iv) established an annual requirement, beginning in 2010, that outstanding loans be prepaid in an amount equal to 75% of Free Cash Flow (as defined in the agreement) generated during the previous year; (v) increased the amount of our scheduled amortization payments (the amortization schedule now requires the following payments: $50 million in July 2009, $25 million in each of October 2009 and January, April, July and October 2010, and $75 million in January 2011); (vi) established a requirement that 50% of the net proceeds from any equity issuance by the Fortress Operating Group be applied to prepay outstanding term loans; (vii) reduced the amount of certain types of distributions we can make to equity holders of the Fortress Operating Group and, in turn, our Class A shareholders, and (viii) provided that the dissolution or termination of specified material funds would not constitute an event of default. In connection with the amendment, we prepaid $75 million of outstanding term loans and $50 million of outstanding revolving facility loans.

In addition, the amendments provide that, with respect to a specified fund, it would not be a default under the credit agreement if the fund’s 2008 audited financials contain language noting substantial doubt as to the fund’s status as a “going concern.” If, by April 15, 2009, (a) the fund has not delivered audited financials without a “going concern” statement and (b) the fund has not extended the maturity of certain debt until the end of 2009, then we will be required to prepay $25 million of outstanding term loans. If we are required to make this prepayment, the required amortization payment due in July 2009 would be reduced from $50 million to $25 million.

The foregoing description of the terms of the amendments is not complete and is qualified in its entirety by the full text

 

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of both the amendments, which are filed as Exhibits 10.31 and 10.32 hereto and are incorporated by reference herein, and the 2007 Credit Agreement (including other amendments thereto), each of which has been filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission.

Increases in the interest rate on our debt obligations, whether through amendments, refinancings, or increases in LIBOR, result in a direct reduction in our earnings and cash flow from operations and, therefore, our liquidity.

The following table presents information regarding our debt obligations (dollars in thousands):

 

                    

 

December 31, 2008

      Face Amount and Carrying Value    Final Stated
Maturity
   Weighted Average
Funding Cost (1)
    Weighted Average
Maturity (Years)

Debt Obligation

   December 31, 2008    December 31, 2007        

Credit Agreement (2)

             

Revolving debt (3)

   $ 104,041    $ 185,000    May 2012    4.65 %   3.36

Term loan

     350,000      350,000    May 2012    3.17 %   3.36

Delayed term loan

     275,000      —      May 2012    2.99 %   1.18
                           

Total

   $ 729,041    $ 535,000       3.31 %   2.54
                           

 

(1) The weighted average funding cost is calculated based on the contractual interest rate (utilizing the most recently reset LIBOR rate) plus the amortization of deferred financing costs. The most recently reset LIBOR rate was 0.47%.
(2) Collateralized by substantially all of Fortress Operating Group’s assets as well as Fortress Operating Group’s rights to fees from the Fortress Funds and its equity interests therein.
(3) Approximately $21 million was undrawn under the revolving debt facility as of December 31, 2008. The revolving debt facility included a $25 million letter of credit subfacility of which $9.8 million was utilized. Lehman Brothers Commercial Paper, Inc., which is committed to fund $11.9 million (including $1.0 million of the outstanding letters of credit) of the $125 million revolving credit facility, has filed for bankruptcy protection, did not fund its portion of the last borrowing under this facility, and it is reasonably possible that it will not fund its portion of the commitments. As a result, none of the undrawn amount was available.

On March 13, 2009, we amended the terms of our credit agreement. In connection with the amendment, we repaid (i) $50 million of outstanding revolving debt and (ii) $75 million of outstanding term loans. In addition, we reduced the revolving credit facility to $75 million. As of March 13, 2009, we had $54 million of revolving debt and $550 million of term loans outstanding.

Assuming no EBITDA–based required prepayments, our outstanding debt matured as follows, based on terms in effect at December 31, 2008 (in thousands). See above for a discussion of the amendment which occurred in March 2009 which changed the payment terms:

 

2009

   $ 25,000

2010

     125,000

2011

     100,000

2012

     479,041
      

Total

   $ 729,041
      

As a result of the Nomura transaction and our initial public offering, FIG Asset Co. LLC lent excess proceeds of $215 million to FIG Corp. pursuant to a demand note. Since then, FIG Corp. has repaid a portion of the demand note and, as of December 31, 2008, the outstanding balance was $125.3 million. This intercompany debt is eliminated in consolidation.

Covenants

Fortress Operating Group is required to prepay the 2007 Credit Agreement upon the occurrence of certain events, including certain asset sales and other dispositions.

The events of default under the 2007 Credit Agreement are typical of such agreements and include payment defaults, failure to comply with credit agreement covenants, cross-defaults to material indebtedness, bankruptcy and insolvency, change of control, and adverse events (as defined in the 2007 Credit Agreement) with respect to our material funds. A default under this agreement would likely have a material, adverse impact on our liquidity and, given the current lack of available credit for refinancing in the market, could threaten our ability to continue as a going concern.

The 2007 Credit Agreement includes customary covenants. We were in compliance with all of these covenants as of December 31, 2008. Among other things, we are prohibited from incurring additional unsubordinated indebtedness or further encumbering our assets, subject to certain exceptions. In addition, based on terms in effect as of December 31, 2008, which were amended in March 2009, as described above, Fortress Operating Group must not:

 

 

Permit AUM to be less than $21.5 billion as of December 31, 2007, plus an additional $500 million at the end of each subsequent fiscal year;

 

 

Permit the Consolidated Leverage Ratio, as defined in the 2007 Credit Agreement and measured on a rolling four-quarter basis, to be greater than (i) for the fiscal quarters ending March 31, 2008 through September 30, 2009, 2.75 to 1.0, (ii) for the fiscal quarters ending December 31, 2009 and March 31, 2010, 2.50 to 1.0 and (iii) for each fiscal quarter thereafter, 2.25 to 1.0;

 

 

Permit the aggregate value of investments held, including certain cash, to be less than $975 million (less the amount of any term loans repaid after November 12, 2008) (the “Required Investment Assets”);

 

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Permit the aggregate value of Fortress Fund Investments (generally defined in the 2007 Credit Agreement as cash, the stock of Newcastle, Eurocastle and any other publicly traded company pledged as collateral (and any options in respect of such stock), and Fortress Operating Group’s interests in the Fortress private equity funds and hedge funds and certain other investment funds) to be less than 40% of the Required Investment Assets;

 

 

Permit the aggregate value of the sum of (i) the Fortress Fund Investments plus (ii) certain investments in co-investment funds (in the aggregate, “Total Investments”) to be less than 60% of the Required Investment Assets (with no single co-investment fund investment exceeding $75 million).

 

 

Make incentive income clawback payments in excess of $20 million during a calendar year. To date, no clawback payments have been required. See Note 11 to Part II, Item 8 “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data” for a further discussion of clawback.

The following table sets forth the financial covenant requirements as of December 31, 2008.

 

     December 31, 2008
(dollars in millions)
      
     Requirement (D)    Actual    Notes  

AUM

   ³ $ 22,000    $ 29,454    (A )

Consolidated Leverage Ratio

   £ 2.75      2.18    (B )

Required Investment Assets

   ³ $ 925    $ 1,002    (C )

Fortress Fund Investments

   ³ $ 370    $ 604    (C )

Total Investments

   ³ $ 555    $ 762    (C )

 

(A) Impacted by capital raised in funds, redemptions from funds, and valuations of fund investments.
(B) Impacted by EBITDA, as defined, which is impacted by the same factors as distributable earnings, except EBITDA is not impacted by clawback reserves or the impairment of investments.
(C) Impacted by capital investments in funds and the valuation of such funds’ investments.
(D) These requirements were amended as of March 13, 2009. For a description of the current requirements, please see “– Debt Obligations” above.

We recently amended the terms of our credit agreement to significantly relax the financial covenants, and thereby increase our operational flexibility, in exchange for agreeing to make additional amortization payments over the course of the term of the facilities. Fortress expects to comply with these new covenants as of the applicable testing dates. However, as a result of recent market conditions and their impact on Fortress, it is possible that we may not be able to comply with one or more of these covenants if conditions continue to worsen over time. As a result of the increased amortization requirements, we may take steps to ensure that we are able to make the required periodic cash amortization payments, including (i) deferring payments to our Principals and affiliates in order to preserve cash, including payments to our Principals under the tax receivable agreement, and (ii) considering potential capital raise transactions in order to increase investments, reduce debt, or a combination of the two options.

Furthermore, under the terms of the 2007 Credit Agreement, Fortress must provide annual audit opinions with respect to each of its “Material Fortress Funds,” as defined, which do not include an emphasis expressing concern over such respective fund’s ability to continue as a going concern for a period of one year (commonly referred to as a “going concern opinion”). As of now, we have not yet received the audit opinions for our material funds for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2008. However, we anticipate, based on discussions with our auditors, that we may receive a going concern opinion for one of our material funds. On March 12, 2009, our lenders agreed to waive the application of this covenant with respect to the affected fund’s annual audited financial statements. As a result, the receipt by such fund of a going concern opinion in its audited financial statements would not result in a default under our 2007 Credit Agreement.

In addition, under the 2007 Credit Agreement, Fortress Operating Group is permitted to make (i) cash distributions in order for our shareholders to pay their taxes, and (ii) loans to its intermediate holding companies and cash distributions subject to the following restrictions: (a) no event of default exists immediately prior to, or subsequent to, the loan or distribution, as the case may be, and (b) the loan or distribution would not exceed cumulative free cash flow. Free cash flow, as defined in our 2007 Credit Agreement, is calculated on a cumulative basis as $163 million plus EBITDA earned since March 31, 2007, minus interest paid, capital expenditures made, loans made (net of any repayments) and distributions made since March 31, 2007.

This summary is qualified by reference to our 2007 Credit Agreement, a copy of which, including all amendments thereto, has been filed with the SEC.

Dividends / Distributions

2008

On June 25, 2008, we declared a second quarter cash dividend of $0.225 per Class A share. The dividend was paid on July 11, 2008 to holders of record of our Class A shares on June 30, 2008. The aggregate amount of this dividend

 

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payment was $21.3 million. In connection with this dividend, a distribution of $70.2 million was declared from Fortress Operating Group to the principals, dividend equivalent payments of $5.5 million were made to holders of restricted Class A share units, and a distribution equivalent payment of $7.0 million was made to the holder of the Fortress Operating Group RPUs.

On March 25, 2008, we declared a first quarter cash dividend of $0.225 per Class A share. The dividend was paid on April 15, 2008 to holders of record of our Class A shares on March 31, 2008. The aggregate amount of this dividend payment was $21.3 million. In connection with this dividend, a distribution of $70.2 million was declared from Fortress Operating Group to the principals and dividend equivalent payments of $5.4 million were made to holders of restricted Class A share units.

During the year ended December 31, 2008, in addition to the distributions described above, Fortress Operating Group made distributions to the principals of $3.0 million (all of which was distributed prior to the issuance of the RPUs) in connection with distributions made to FIG Corp. to pay Fortress’s income taxes.

2007

On December 21, 2007, we declared a fourth quarter cash dividend of $0.225 per Class A share. The dividend was paid on January 11, 2008 to holders of record of our Class A shares on December 31, 2007. The aggregate amount of this dividend payment was $21.3 million. In connection with this dividend, a distribution of $70.2 million was declared from Fortress Operating Group to the principals and dividend equivalent payments of $5.4 million were made to holders of restricted Class A share units.

On September 15, 2007, we declared a third quarter cash dividend of $0.225 per Class A share. The dividend was paid on October 12, 2007 to holders of record of our Class A shares on September 28, 2007. The aggregate amount of this dividend payment was $21.3 million. In connection with this dividend, a distribution of $70.2 million was declared from Fortress Operating Group to the principals and dividend equivalent payments of $5.4 million were made to holders of restricted Class A share units.

On June 15, 2007, we declared a second quarter cash dividend of $0.225 per Class A share. The dividend was paid on July 13, 2007 to holders of record of our Class A shares on June 29, 2007. The aggregate amount of this dividend payment was $21.3 million. In connection with this dividend, a distribution of $70.2 million was declared from Fortress Operating Group to the principals and dividend equivalent payments of $5.4 million were made to holders of restricted Class A share units.

On March 20, 2007, we declared a partial first quarter cash dividend of $0.1225 per Class A share for the period beginning February 8, 2007 (the pricing date of our initial public offering) through March 31, 2007. The dividend was paid on April 13, 2007 to holders of record of our Class A shares on March 30, 2007. The aggregate amount of this dividend payment was $11.6 million. In connection with this dividend, a distribution of $39.4 million was declared from Fortress Operating Group to the principals and dividend equivalent payments of $3.0 million were made to holders of restricted Class A share units.

Prior to our IPO, but subsequent to our reorganization, we made a distribution to our Class A shareholders of $2.5 million and to the principals of $22.3 million.

During 2007, in addition to the distributions described above, Fortress Operating Group made distributions to the principals of $47.8 million, in connection with distributions made to FIG Corp. to pay Fortress’s income taxes, and of $415.9 million prior to the reorganization.

Cash Flows

Our historical consolidated and combined statements of cash flows reflect the cash flows of Fortress Operating Group as well as those of our consolidated Fortress Funds (through their deconsolidation on March 31, 2007), which were all investment companies, for the years ended December 31, 2007 and 2006.

The consolidated Fortress Funds, on a gross basis, are much larger than Fortress Operating Group and therefore substantially all of the gross cash flows reflected in our statement of cash flows, through their deconsolidation on March 31, 2007, relate to their activities. The primary cash flow activities of Fortress Operating Group are: (i) generating cash flow from operations, (ii) making investments in Fortress Funds (these cash flows are eliminated in consolidation through March 31, 2007), (iii) meeting financing needs through our credit agreement, and (iv) distributing cash flow to equity holders. The primary cash flow activities of the Fortress Funds which were consolidated through March 31, 2007 were: (i) raising capital from their investors, which have historically been reflected as Principals’ and others’ interests in equity of consolidated subsidiaries in our financial statements, (ii) using this capital to make investments, (iii) financing certain investments with debt, (iv) generating cash flow from operations through the realization of investments, and (v) distributing cash flow to investors.

As described above in “— Results of Operations,” our AUM has generally grown throughout the periods reflected in our financial statements included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. This growth is a result of the consolidated Fortress Funds raising and investing capital, and, in some periods, generating gains from investments. Their cash flows

 

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are reflected in our statement of cash flows through their deconsolidation on March 31, 2007.

Our dividend policy has certain risks and limitations, particularly with respect to liquidity. Although we may pay dividends in accordance with our stated dividend policy, we may not pay the amount of dividends suggested by our policy, or at all, if, among other things, we do not have the cash necessary to pay the intended dividends, or if our board of directors determines it would be prudent to reduce or eliminate future dividend payments. To the extent we do not have cash on hand sufficient to pay dividends, we may borrow funds to pay dividends, but we are not obligated to do so. By paying cash dividends rather than investing that cash in our future growth, we risk slowing the pace of our growth, or not having a sufficient amount of cash to fund our operations or unanticipated capital expenditures, should the need arise.

Operating Activities

Our net cash flow provided by (used in) operating activities was $295.1 million, ($1,209.4) million and ($4,583.9) million during the years ended December 31, 2008, 2007 and 2006, respectively. In addition to cash from Fortress’s operations, these amounts included net purchases of investments by consolidated Fortress Funds (included in our statements of cash flows through their deconsolidation on March 31, 2007), which are investment companies, after proceeds from sales of investments, of ($1,707.1) million and ($4,574.2) million for the years ended December 31, 2007 and 2006, respectively, which are reflected as operating activities pursuant to investment company accounting.

Operating Activities - Comparative

Cash received for management fees increased by $131.3 million from $459.4 million in 2007 to $590.7 million in 2008. Management fees are based on average fee paying AUM, which increased from 2007 to 2008 (hybrid hedge funds increased by $1.4 billion, liquid hedge funds increased by $1.2 billion, and private equity funds increased by $2.2 billion) as a result of capital raising, including new fund formation, offset by redemptions and losses.

Incentive income is calculated as a percentage of profits earned by the Fortress Funds or is based on profitable realization events within private equity funds. Severe market conditions have resulted in lower fund performance and reduced realizations and thus a decrease of $352.5 million in cash received for incentive income from 2007 to 2008.

Despite an increase in headcount from December 31, 2007 to December 31, 2008, cash paid for compensation decreased by $35.9 million from 2007 to 2008. This decrease is mainly attributable to reduced profit sharing compensation, as a result of lower performance within our funds. We anticipate an additional decrease in total compensation expense in 2009 due to the restructuring that took place in the fourth quarter of 2008.

Cash paid for interest increased approximately $9.2 million due to a higher average debt balance of $759.2 million in 2008 compared to $422.8 million in 2007. This was partially offset by a decrease in the weighted average interest rate to 4.2% in 2008 compared to 6.7% in 2007.

Cash paid for rent increased approximately $3.4 million due to the opening of the Dubai, Chicago, Charlotte, Atlanta and Seattle offices, where we entered into leases during 2008 and which did not exist in 2007, as well as the leasing of a new floor in New York. We anticipate a decrease in rent in 2009 due to office closings in San Diego, Dubai, and Geneva.

Cash received from previously accrued but deferred fees decreased by $187.0 million due to deferred fee arrangements which were terminated in the first quarter of 2007.

Investing Activities

Our net cash flow provided by (used in) investing activities was $32.1 million, ($416.6) million and $361.9 million during the years ended December 31, 2008, 2007 and 2006, respectively. Our investing activities primarily included: (i) purchases, net of proceeds from sale of investments, of loan and security investments by one of our consolidated Fortress Funds (included in our statements of cash flows through its deconsolidation on March 31, 2007), which is not an investment company, of $380.5 million during 2006, (ii) contributions to equity method investees of ($167.8) million and ($571.8) million during the years ended December 31, 2008 and 2007, respectively, (iii) distributions of capital from equity method investees of $213.4 million and $136.3 million during the years ended December 31, 2008 and 2007, respectively, (iv) proceeds from the sale of equity method investments of $30.7 million in 2007, and (v) purchases of fixed assets, net of proceeds from the disposal of fixed assets, of ($13.5) million, ($8.4) million and ($15.0) million during these years, respectively.

Financing Activities

On December 18, 2006, the principals entered into a securities purchase agreement with Nomura, pursuant to which Nomura acquired a then 15% indirect stake in Fortress Operating Group for $888 million, all of the proceeds of which were paid to the principals. On January 17, 2007, Nomura completed the transaction by purchasing 55,071,450 Class A shares for $888 million and we, in turn, purchased 55,071,450 Fortress Operating Group limited partnership units, which then represented 15% of Fortress Operating Group’s economic interests, and the sole general partner interest, from the principals for $888 million.

 

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In addition, on February 8, 2007, we completed an initial public offering of 39,428,900 of our Class A shares, for net proceeds of approximately $652.7 million.

Our net cash flow provided by (used in) financing activities was ($164.3) million, $1,665.3 million and $4,246.8 million during the years ended December 31, 2008, 2007 and 2006, respectively. Our financing activities primarily included (i) contributions made by, net of distributions made to, the investors in our consolidated Fortress Funds (included in our statements of cash flows through their deconsolidation on March 31, 2007), historically reflected as others’ interests in consolidated subsidiaries, of $1,470.5 million and $3,676.9 million during 2007 and 2006, respectively, (ii) distributions made to principals, including those classified within “principals’ and others’ interests in consolidated subsidiaries,” of ($203.6) million, ($477.9) million and ($447.0) million during these years, respectively, (iii) distributions to employees related to their interests in consolidated subsidiaries of ($61.3) million, ($17.1) million and ($41.8) million during these years, respectively, (iv) dividends to our shareholders, and (v) our net borrowing and repayment activity.

Critical Accounting Policies

Consolidation

Historically, we consolidated certain of the Fortress Funds as a result of owning a substantive, controlling general partner interest in these entities, or, for variable interest entities, by being their primary beneficiary. We had operational discretion and control of these funds combined with the limited partners’ limited substantive rights to impact their ongoing governance and operating activities which resulted in their being consolidated by us; however, in no case were we the majority equity holder. In connection with the initial public offering, Fortress granted rights effective March 31, 2007 to the investors in the consolidated Fortress Funds to provide a simple majority of the unrelated limited partners with the ability to liquidate the funds without cause or to otherwise have the ability to exert control over the funds, resulting in the deconsolidation of these funds for financial reporting purposes.

The analysis as to whether to consolidate an entity is subject to a significant amount of judgment. Some of the criteria considered are the determination as to the degree of control over an entity by its various equity holders, the design of the entity, how closely related the entity is to each of its equity holders, the relation of the equity holders to each other and a determination of the primary beneficiary in entities in which we have a variable interest. These analyses involve estimates, probability weighting of subjectively determined cash flow scenarios, and other estimates based on the assumptions of management.

Fortress Operating Group’s combined financial statements reflected the assets, liabilities, revenues, expenses and cash flows of the consolidated Fortress Funds on a gross basis through March 31, 2007. Our investors’ interests in these funds, which are the majority ownership interests, have historically been reflected as others’ interests in consolidated subsidiaries in these financial statements. The management fees and incentive income earned by Fortress from the consolidated Fortress Funds were eliminated in consolidation; however, our allocated share of the net income from these funds was increased by the amount of these eliminated fees. Accordingly, the consolidation of these Fortress Funds had no net effect on our net earnings from the Fortress Funds and the deconsolidation of the funds likewise had no net effect on Fortress’s earnings. The deconsolidation has had the effect of restoring the presentation of management fees and incentive income from the Fortress Funds that had been eliminated in consolidation.

Revenue Recognition on Incentive Income

Incentive income is calculated as a percentage of the profits earned by the Fortress Funds subject to the achievement of performance criteria. Incentive income from certain of the private equity funds we manage is subject to contingent repayment (or clawback) and may be paid to us as particular investments made by the funds are realized. If, however, upon liquidation of a fund the aggregate amount paid to us as incentive income exceeds the amount actually due to us based upon the aggregate performance of the fund, the excess is required to be returned by us (i.e. “clawed back”) to that fund. We have elected to adopt the preferred method of recording incentive income subject to contingencies, Method 1 of Emerging Issues Task Force Topic D-96 “Accounting for Management Fees Based on a Formula.” Under this method, we do not recognize incentive income subject to contingent repayment until all of the related contingencies have been resolved. Deferred incentive income related to a particular private equity fund, each of which has a limited life, would be recognized upon the termination of a private equity fund, or when distributions from a fund exceed the point at which a clawback of a portion or all of the historic incentive income distributions could no longer occur. Recognition of incentive income allocated to us prior to that date is deferred and recorded as a deferred incentive income liability. For GAAP purposes, the determination of when incentive income is recognized as income is formulaic in nature, resulting directly from each fund’s governing documents.

Profit Sharing Arrangements

Pursuant to employment arrangements, certain of Fortress’s employees are granted profit sharing interests and are thereby entitled to a portion of the incentive income realized from certain Fortress Funds, which is payable upon a realization event within the respective funds. Accordingly, incentive income resulting from a realization event within a fund gives rise to the incurrence of a profit sharing obligation. Amounts payable under these profit sharing plans are recorded as compensation expense when they become probable and reasonably estimable.

 

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For profit sharing plans related to hedge funds, where incentive income is received on a quarterly or annual basis, the related compensation expense is accrued during the period for which the related payment is made.

For profit sharing plans related to private equity funds, where incentive income is received as investments are realized but is subject to clawback (see “Revenue Recognition on Incentive Income” above), although Fortress defers the recognition of incentive income until all contingencies are resolved, accruing expense for employee profit sharing is based upon when it becomes probable and reasonably estimable that incentive income has been earned and therefore a profit sharing liability has been incurred. Based upon this policy, the recording of an accrual for profit sharing expense to employees generally precedes the recognition of the related incentive income revenue. Furthermore, such profit sharing expense may be reversed upon a determination that the expense is no longer probable of being incurred based on the performance of the fund.

Our determination of the point at which it becomes probable and reasonably estimable that incentive income will be earned and therefore a corresponding profit sharing expense should be recorded is based upon a number of factors, the most significant of which is the level of realized gains generated by the underlying funds that may ultimately give rise to incentive income payments. Accordingly, profit sharing expense is generally recorded upon realization events within the underlying funds. A realization event has occurred when an investment within a fund generates proceeds in excess of its related invested capital, such as when an investment is sold at a gain. Changes in the judgments and estimates made in arriving at the appropriate amount of profit sharing expense accrual could materially impact net income.

For further information on amounts paid and payable in the future under our profit sharing arrangements, please see Note 3 to Part II, Item 8, “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data – Management Agreements and Fortress Funds.”

Valuation of Investments

As a result of the deconsolidation described above, our investments in the Fortress Funds are recorded based on the equity method of accounting subsequent to March 31, 2007. The Fortress Funds themselves apply specialized accounting principles specified by the AICPA Audit and Accounting Guide – Investment Companies. As such, our results are based on the reported fair value of the funds as of the reporting date with our pro rata ownership interest (based on our principal investment) in the changes in each fund’s NAV reflected in our results of operations. Fair value generally represents the amount at which an investment could be exchanged in a current transaction between willing parties, other than in a forced or liquidation sale. We are the manager of these funds and in certain cases participate in the valuation of underlying investments, many of which are illiquid and/or without a public market. The fair value of these investments is generally estimated based on either values provided by independent valuation agents, who use their own proprietary valuation models, or proprietary models developed by us, which include discounted cash flow analyses, public market comparables, and other techniques and may be based, at least in part, on independently sourced market parameters. The material estimates and assumptions used in these models include the timing and expected amount of cash flows, the appropriateness of discount rates used, and, in some cases, the ability to execute, timing of, and estimated proceeds from expected financings. Significant judgment and estimation goes into the selection of an appropriate valuation methodology as well as the assumptions which generate these models, and the actual values realized with respect to investments could be materially different from values obtained based on the use of those estimates. The valuation methodologies applied impact the reported value of our investments in the Fortress Funds in our consolidated financial statements.

Private Equity Funds

Under the valuation policies and guidelines of our private equity funds, investments are categorized into two types of securities: those for which there is a market quotation and those for which there is no market quotation. Securities for which there is a market quotation are valued at their quoted market price. A discount may be applied to those securities with sale restrictions. Securities for which there is no market quotation are referred to as private securities and are valued at fair value. Our guidelines state that the fair values of private securities are generally based on the following methods:

 

  1. Public market transactions of similar securities

 

  2. Private market transactions of similar or identical securities

 

  3. Analytical methods

Our private equity funds have never based a valuation of a private security upon public or private market transactions in a similar security. There have been no circumstances to date in which a security in a public market transaction, or a private market transaction of which we were aware, has been considered to be sufficiently similar to a private security owned by one of our private equity funds to be used as a measure of valuation for such private security investment.

Our private equity funds have used the price of private market transactions in identical securities as a valuation method for investments. In cases in which there has been a significant private transaction in a private security held by our private equity funds, the value of private equity fund investments in the private security are based upon the price of such recent private transaction in that security and no sensitivity analysis is used.

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securities are the discounted cash flow method, by reference to performance statistics of similar public companies (for example, EBITDA multiples) or the use of third party valuations. Sensitivity analysis is applied to the estimated future cash flows using various factors depending on the investment, including assumed growth rates (in cash flows), capitalization rates (for determining terminal values) and appropriate discount rates based on the investment to determine a range of reasonable values. The valuation based on the inputs determined to be the most probable is used as the fair value of the investment.

Liquid Hedge Funds

The majority of the investments in our liquid hedge funds are valued based on quoted market prices, including broker quotations in illiquid or inactive markets which include disclaimers stating they are not “actionable” and are therefore included in level 3A as described below. Investments valued based on other observable market parameters in our liquid hedge funds include (i) interest rate swaps and swaptions, equity swaps and foreign exchange swaps which are valued by the independent fund administrator using models with significant observable market parameters, and (ii) funds managed by third parties for which we receive value information from the fund managers. The fair value of interest rate swaps and swaptions is calculated using the current market yield of the relevant interest rate durations and an appropriate discount rate to determine a present value. The fair value of equity swaps and foreign exchange swaps is calculated using the market price of the underlying stock or foreign exchange pair, plus the financing cost of carrying the transaction. The fair value of these investments is also confirmed independently with the counterparty to the transaction. Investments valued using methods, including internal models, with significant unobservable market parameters consist primarily of investments in other funds and certain illiquid securities. Counterparty risk is also considered.

Hybrid Hedge Funds

In our hybrid hedge funds, investments are valued using quoted market prices, to the extent available. Independent valuation agents are used by our hybrid hedge funds to provide estimates of the fair value of investments, other than investments in other funds, for which quoted market prices are not available. For these investments, we understand that the independent valuation agents use some or all of the following methods and techniques to estimate the fair value of the relevant type of investments:

Private loans - The most common method used to value private loans is a discounted cash flow analysis. In this method, the estimated future payments to be made by the borrower under the loan agreement are discounted to the present using a discount rate appropriate to the risk level of the borrower and current market interest rates.

If it is likely that a borrower will not be able to repay a loan in full, the loan may be valued by estimating how much the borrower will be able to repay based on obtaining refinancing from a new lender. Under this method, the borrower’s business must be examined in detail, and then compared to known loans in the market to estimate how much the borrower will likely be able to borrow, and therefore repay under the existing loan. If the amount likely to be able to be refinanced is less than the total payments due under the loan, the fair value of the loan will be reduced.

Another method used to value loans that may not be repaid in full is to value the total amount of assets of the borrower that might be sold to raise proceeds to repay the loan (and debt, if any, that has a higher claim against assets) if necessary. Under this method, all assets of the borrower must be analyzed and valued. If the total value is less than the total payments due under the loan (and debt, if any, that has a higher claim against assets), the fair value of the loan will be reduced.

Asset-backed securities and collateralized debt obligations for which there are no quoted market prices are valued using a discounted cash flow analysis based on the estimated cash flows to be generated by the relevant underlying assets and the appropriate interest rate based on the nature of the underlying assets.

Real estate is usually valued based on sales of comparable property. The value of real estate which is net leased is also influenced by the credit quality of major tenants, as their ability to make lease payments is relevant to the value of the property under lease.

Investments in other funds are valued primarily based on the net asset values provided by the fund managers of those funds. Adjustments to such net asset values are made for liquidity or other factors if deemed material and necessary.

Investments valued using methods, including internal models, with significant unobservable market parameters consist primarily of investments in other funds and certain illiquid investments.

Sensitivity

Changes in the fair value of our funds’ investments would impact our results of operations as described in Part II, Item 7A, “Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk.”

As discussed above, the determination of investment fair values involves management’s judgments and estimates. The degree of judgment involved is dependent upon the availability of quoted market prices or observable market parameters. The following table summarizes the investments held by the Fortress Funds by valuation methodology as of December 31, 2008.

 

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The categories displayed below correspond directly with the disclosures which are required under SFAS 157, described under “ – Recent Accounting Pronouncements” below. Note that negative percentages represent net short positions.

 

Basis for Determining Fair Value

   Private Equity
Funds
    Liquid Hedge
Funds
    Hybrid Hedge
Funds
    Total Investment
Company Holdings
 

1. Quoted market prices (A)

   4 %   (8 )%   3 %   2 %

2. Other observable market parameters

   4 %   53 %   0 %   7 %

3A. Third party pricing sources with significant unobservable market parameters (B)

   29 %   54 %   88 %   56 %

3B. Internal models with significant unobservable market parameters

   63 %   1 %   9 %   35 %
                        

Total

   100 %   100 %   100 %   100 %
                        

 

(A) For liquid hedge funds, includes gross long positions of 7% and short positions of (15%).
(B) Primarily represents valuations based on third party pricing services, certain broker quotes, and third party fund managers. The result is skewed for the liquid hedge funds due to the offsetting net short positions in Level 1 and net long positions in Level 2.

As of December 31, 2008, $7.7 billion of investments in our private equity funds, $0.1 billion of investments in our liquid hedge funds and $0.8 billion of investments in our hybrid hedge funds are valued by internal models with significant unobservable market parameters. A 10% increase or decrease in the value of investments held by the Fortress Funds valued at level 3 (A or B) would have had the following effects on our results of operations on an unconsolidated basis for the year ended December 31, 2008, consistent with the table above:

 

     Private Equity Funds     Liquid Hedge Funds    Hybrid Hedge Funds

Management fees, per annum on a prospective basis

   $ 4.1 million or     $ 3.1 million    $ 15.0 million
   $ (4.7 million ) (A)     

Incentive income

     N/A  (B)   $ 0.0 million    $ 0.0 million

Earnings from equity method investees

   $ 51.5 million     $ 0.6 million    $ 24.7 million

Note: The tables above exclude non-investment assets and liabilities of the funds, which are not classified in the fair value hierarchy. Such net assets may be material, particularly within the liquid hedge funds.

 

(A) Private equity fund management fees would be generally unchanged as, for investments in non-publicly traded securities, they are not based on the value of the funds, but rather on the amount of capital invested in the funds. However, if the NAV of a portfolio company of a private equity fund is reduced below its invested capital, there would be a reduction in management fees. As of December 31, 2008, $3.3 billion of private equity portfolio companies valued at level 3 (A or B) were carried at or below their invested capital and are in funds which are no longer in their commitment period. Management fees are generally calculated as of certain reset dates. The amounts disclosed show what the estimated effects would be to management fees over the next year assuming December 31, 2008 is the current reset date.
(B) Private equity fund incentive income would be unchanged as it is not recognized until received and all contingencies are resolved. Furthermore, incentive income would be based on the actual price realized in a transaction, not based on a valuation.

Income Taxes

Historically, we operated as a limited liability company which was not subject to U.S. federal income tax and had limited state income taxes. However, certain of our consolidated subsidiaries are subject to UBT on their trade and business activities conducted in New York City. The UBT rates vary significantly between the rate applicable to income from business activities and the rate applicable to income from investment activities. Allocation of income between business activities and investing activities is subject to detailed and complex rules applied to facts and circumstances that generally are not readily determinable at the date financial statements are prepared. Accordingly, estimates are made of income allocations in computing our effective tax rate that might be different from actual allocations determined when tax returns are prepared by investee companies and subsidiaries.

As a result of the completion of the transactions resulting from the initial public offering, and the reorganization of our businesses, FIG Corp. is subject to U.S. federal and state income tax on income allocated to it from Fortress Operating Group. FIG Corp. has recorded a significant deferred tax asset, primarily in connection with the Nomura transaction and the IPO. These transactions resulted in the basis of Fortress Operating Group’s net assets being in excess of its book basis, which will result in future tax deductions. A substantial portion of this asset is offset by a liability associated with the tax receivable agreement with our Principals.

The realization of the deferred tax assets is dependent on the amount of our future taxable income before deductions related to the establishment of the deferred tax asset. The deferred tax asset is comprised of a portion that would be realized in connection with future ordinary income and a portion that would be realized in connection with future capital gains.

We project that we will have sufficient future taxable ordinary income in the normal course of business without any projected significant change in circumstances to fully realize the portion of the deferred tax asset that would be realized in connection with future ordinary income. Our projections do not include material changes in AUM or incentive income from the current levels which, due to the market crisis, have declined from historical levels. However, the

 

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projections do contain an estimated marginal growth assumption in years beyond 2009. Based on our historical and projected taxable income, we have concluded that the realization of the portion of the deferred tax asset that would be realized in connection with future taxable ordinary income is more likely than not. If our estimates change in the future and it is determined that it is more likely than not that some portion, or all, of this portion of the deferred tax asset will not be realized, a valuation allowance would be recorded for that portion. However, in most cases, any tax expense recorded in connection with the establishment of a valuation allowance or the reversal of a deferred tax asset would be partially offset by other income recorded in connection with a corresponding reduction of a portion of the tax receivable agreement liability (see below). The following table sets forth our estimated federal taxable ordinary income for 2007 and 2008 before deductions relating to the establishment of the deferred tax assets, excluding deferred tax assets arising from equity-based compensation, as well as the average of such amount needed over the approximate period of the deductibility (approximately 15 years from the date of establishment, based on the amortization period of the tax basis intangible assets recorded) in order to fully realize the portion of the deferred tax asset that would be realized in connection with future ordinary income (in millions):

 

2007

   $ 74.9

2008: Estimated

   $ 47.9

2009 - 2015: Average Required

   $ 55.4

2016 - 2021: Average Required

   $ 79.1

As of December 31, 2008, based on the effects of the continuing credit crisis, particularly the fourth quarter declines in equity investment values, we revised our assessment of the realizability of the portion of the deferred tax asset that would only be realized in connection with future capital gains. We have established a full valuation allowance of $95.9 million for this portion of the deferred tax asset as management does not believe that the projected generation of material taxable capital gains is sufficiently assured in the foreseeable future. In addition, the establishment of the valuation allowance resulted in a reduction of the obligations associated with the tax receivable agreement and a corresponding reduction of the deferred tax asset of $20.8 million. As a result, we recorded a $116.7 million total charge to tax expense in 2008, and recorded other income of $55.1 million arising from a reduction in the tax receivable agreement liability.

For further information on our effective tax rate, and the tax receivable agreement, see Note 6 to our financial statements in Part II, Item 8, “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data – Income Taxes and Tax Related Payments.”

Our effective tax rate for GAAP reporting purposes may be subject to significant variation from period to period. In addition, legislation has been introduced in the United States, which, if enacted in its current or similar form, would cause us to incur a material increase in our tax liability. See “– Factors Affecting Our Business – Income Tax Expense.”

Equity-Based Compensation

We currently have several categories of equity-based compensation which are described in Note 8 to Part II, Item 8, “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data – Equity-Based and Other Compensation.” The aggregate fair value of each of the RSU grants that are subject to service conditions is reduced by an estimated forfeiture factor (that is, the estimated amount of awards which will be forfeited prior to vesting). The estimated forfeiture factor is based upon historic turnover rates within our company adjusted for the expected effects of the grants on turnover, if any, and other factors in the judgment of management. The estimated forfeiture factor is updated at each reporting date.

The volatility assumption used in valuing certain awards, as described below, was based on five-year historical stock price volatilities observed for a group of comparable companies, since we do not have sufficient historical share performance to use our own historical volatility, adjusted for management’s judgment regardi